SINDH IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE AUTHORITY Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-I (WSIP-I) PREPARATION OF REGIONAL PLAN FOR THE LEFT BANK OF INDUS, DELTA AND COASTAL ZONE Phase - I Final Report Preparation of Inventory, Assessment of Existing Conditions, Identification of Issues, and Methodology and Plan for Consultations and Stakeholder Participation LBOD Spinal Bifurcation Point Disposal of Sewage Water in Phuleli Canal Consultation with Women MAIN REPORT Volume – I The Louis Berger Group Inc. In Association with Indus Associated Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd. JUNE 2011 Phase-I Final Report The Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority on behalf of the Government of Sindh on the 5th of March 2010 signed a contract with The Louis Berger Group Inc., in alliance with Indus Associated Consultants (Pvt) to prepare the Regional Master Plan for the Left Bank of Indus, Delta and Coastal Zone under the Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project Phase-I (WSIP-I). On 23rd December 2011, the Consultants submitted the draft report of Phase-I. The same was made available on the SIDA Web Page and sent out to the Panel of Experts for comments. On 03rd March 2011 the Panel of Experts met for the first time to review and comment on the Consultants draft report Phase-I. On 30th April, 2011 the Consultants submitted a revised Final Report of Phase-I. On 18th May the Panel of Experts met to analyze and assess the revised report. After the Consultants presentations and the comments of the different members of the Panel, the Final Report Phase-I was formally accepted by the Panel of Experts. The Final Report Phase-I May 2011 version was distributed among the stakeholders invited to attend the National Workshop in Karachi. The comments of the workshop participants have been incorporated in the present version. June, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................................ I ACRONYMS, MEASURES AND UNITS .......................................................................................................... II LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. X 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT AND THIS REPORT ................................................................................. 1 1.2. BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 8 1.4. SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................ 9 1.5. SCOPE OF THE PHASE-I STUDY .......................................................................................................... 11 2. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH TO PHASE I OF THE REGIONAL PLANNING PROGRAM ................. 15 2.1. METHODOLOGIES AND APPROACHES USED TO ADDRESS EIGHT THEMATIC AREAS ...................................... 15 2.2. GENERAL APPROACH TO THE STUDIES ................................................................................................ 15 2.3. METHODOLOGY FOR PLANNING STUDIES ............................................................................................ 16 2.4. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION, REVISION AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS ............................................................. 17 2.5. FLOODING ALONG THE LBOD AND INDUS RIVER AND INTRUSION OF SEAWATER IN THE COASTAL ZONE .......... 19 3. CONSOLIDATED DRAINAGE AND FLOOD SUBSECTOR ISSUES AND PROBLEMS: VOICES OF THE STAKEHOLDERS ................................................................................................................................ 21 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.2 GENERAL APPROACH ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.3 SUMMARY FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................... 22 4. THEMATIC AREA STUDIES ................................................................................................................ 32 4.1 OVERVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT OF PLANNING FOR DRAINAGE AND FLOODING ..................... 32 4.1.1 Background to the planning thematic area study ..................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Key Findings of the Thematic Assessment ................................................................................. 39 4.1.3 Issues and Problems Identified for the Thematic Area .............................................................. 49 4.2 WATER RESOURCES AND WATER USAGE FOR DRAINAGE AND FLOODING ............................... 56 4.2.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 56 4.2.2 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................... 64 4.2.3 Issues and Problems .................................................................................................................. 68 4.3 IMPACT OF DRAINAGE AND FLOOD ON ENVIRONMENT AND WETLANDS ................................ 69 4.3.1 Background of Thematic Area ................................................................................................... 69 4.3.2 Methodology adopted to address the thematic areas .............................................................. 69 4.3.3 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................... 70 4.3.4 Riverine and Irrigated Forests- Causes of Deforestation and Proposed Strategy for Reforestation ............................................................................................................................. 73 4.3.5 Physical Resources of the Left Bank and Coastal Zone .............................................................. 74 4.3.6 Surface and Groundwater Quality…its impact on Ecosystem and Environment ....................... 78 4.3.7 Flow downstream Kotri and Sustainability of Indus Ecosystem ................................................ 81 4.3.8 Indus Delta and Mangroves ....................................................................................................... 86 4.3.9 Wetlands ................................................................................................................................... 89 4.3.10. Sources of Water Pollution ........................................................................................................ 90 4.3.11 Pollution of Surface and Groundwater by Industrial Effluents .................................................. 91 4.3.12 Issues and Problems – Environment and Biodiversity................................................................ 92 4.4 FLOODING, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION.......................................................... 99 4.4.1. Background to the flooding disaster thematic area study ........................................................ 99 4.4.2. Key Findings of the Thematic Assessment ............................................................................... 110 4.4.3. Issues and problems ................................................................................................................ 116 4.5 STRUCTURES FOR IRRIGATION DRAINAGE AND FLOOD PROTECTION ..................................... 117 4.5.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 117 4.5.2 Key Findings ............................................................................................................................. 145 4.5.3 Issues and Problems ................................................................................................................ 148 4.6 OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AGRICULTURE, LIVELIHOOD, AND ECONOMIC ASPECT OF DRAINAGE & FLOODS ................................................................................................................................... 151 4.6.1 Background to the Economics Thematic Area Study ............................................................... 151 4.6.2 Methodology Adopted To Address the Thematic Area ............................................................ 151 4.6.3 Key Findings of Thematic Issues .............................................................................................. 152 4.6.4 Issues and Problems ................................................................................................................ 169 4.6.5 Livelihood Development Framework ....................................................................................... 172 4.6.6 Socioeconomic Goals of Flood Management .........................................................................