Chapter – 15 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Detailed Project Report for Rail Based Mass Transit System in Kanpur FINAL REPORT Chapter 15: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 15. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 15.1 EXISTING SCENARIO 15.1.1 Environmental Baseline Data on land environment has been collected and compiled from various sources and during field surveys. Information about geology, hydrology, prevailing natural hazards like earthquakes etc have been collected from literature reviews and authenticated information made available by government departments. Water quality, soil quality, ambient air and noise environment in the surrounding areas were assessed primarily through field studies, and by undertaking monitoring and analysis of samples collected from field. Meteorological data was collected from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). A scoping matrix was formulated to identify the attributes likely to be affected due to the development of proposed project and is presented in Table 15.1. The general environmental attributes pertaining to the proposed metro project along with parameters to be collected and its frequency are presented in Table 15.2. TABLE 15.1: SCOPING MATRIX ASPECT OF ENVIRONMENT LIKELY IMPACTS A. Land Environment Increased soil erosion Construction Phase Pollution by construction spoils Solid waste from worker colonies, construction sites B. Water Resources & Water Quality Water quality impacts due to disposal of wastewater from worker camps Construction Phase and construction sites, spoils. Depletion of groundwater resources Operation Phase Drainage, Water requirement, and Disposal of waste water C. Air Pollution Construction Phase Impacts due to emissions generated by construction machinery D. Noise Pollution Noise due to operation of various equipment Construction Phase Noise due to increased vehicular movement Operation Phase Noise from Metro operation December 2017 (Revised) Page 15-1 Detailed Project Report for Rail Based Mass Transit System in Kanpur FINAL REPORT Chapter 15: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ASPECT OF ENVIRONMENT LIKELY IMPACTS Noise due to DG sets E. Ecology Construction Phase Removal of vegetation cover/loss of biomass F. Socio-Economics Improved employment potential during project construction phase Construction Phase Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities Increase in Employment Opportunities in direct and indirect sectors Operation Phase Increased revenue from business development The collection and compilation of environmental baseline data is essential to assess the impacts on environment due to the project activities. The environment includes water, land, air, ecology, noise, vibration and socio– economic issues etc. TABLE 15.2: ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND FREQUENCY OF BASELINE MONITORING Sl. No. Attribute Parameter Frequency Source Land Environment 1 Soil Soil Characteristics Once 1/2 2 Geology Geological Status --- 1 3 Seismology Seismic Hazard --- 1 Water Environment 4 Water Quality Physical, Chemical and Data 1/2 Biological parameters Air, Noise And Meteorology 5 Air Quality PM2.5, PM10, NOx, SO2, CO, 24 hourly 1/2 O3, NH3, Pb and HC 6 Meteorology Temperature, Relative Data ITD/1 humidity, Rainfall, wind direction and speed 7 Noise Noise levels in dB (A) 24 hourly 3/1 Scio-Economic 8 Socio-economy Socio-economic Once 1/2 characteristics Ecology 9 Trees Number/species Once 2 1= Literature review, 2= Field Studies, 3= Field monitoring, IMD=India Meteorological Department December 2017 (Revised) Page 15-2 Detailed Project Report for Rail Based Mass Transit System in Kanpur FINAL REPORT Chapter 15: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 15.1.1.1 Land Environment Kanpur City is situated between the parallels of 25O26’ and 26O58’ North latitude and 79O31’ and 80O34’ East longitude. It is flat plain with some minor undulations. Kanpur City along with Kanpur Dehat lie between the fertile Doab region of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. Kanpur City comes under the Indo- Gangetic plains of India. Landuse Pattern of Kanpur Nagar In 1997-98, Kanpur Metropolitan Area including Kanpur City, Cantonment and other municipalities and villages was spread over 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31 %) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively. Over a period of time, Kanpur has developed linearly from east to west along Ganga River and G.T road. The Central Business District (inner city) is located in the north central part. It is heavily built up and characterized by mixed commercial and transport related activities. The public, semi-public, residential and other land use activities have been mostly concentrated in the west. Due to physical constraints of river in the north and cantonment in the east, industrial concentration followed western/ southern expansion. The landuse pattern of Kanpur city is given in Table 15.3. TABLE 15.3: LANDUSE PATTERN OF KANPUR CITY Sl. No. Particular Area (in ‘000 Hec) 1 Cultivable area 234.8 2 Forest area 5.6 3 Land under nonagricultural use 42.4 4 Permanent pastures 3.7 5 Cultivable wasteland 8.9 6 Land under Misc. tree crops and groves 3.1 7 Barren and uncultivable land 14.8 8 Current fallows 25.0 9 Other fallows 8.7 Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Kanpur Nagar Geology and Soils The Kanpur Nagar is part of Indo Gangetic Plain. Soil samples were collected at representative locations along the corridors and results of analysis are presented in Table 15.4. The low sulphate content implies no special design considerations are needed in the structural design. December 2017 (Revised) Page 15-3 Detailed Project Report for Rail Based Mass Transit System in Kanpur FINAL REPORT Chapter 15: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment TABLE 15.4: SOIL TEST RESULTS S. N. Parameter Unit Location Nos. 1 2 3 4 5 1 pH 7.81 7.73 7.95 7.88 7.72 2 Soil Textures Sand % 12.40 13.20 14.20 10.60 15.80 Silt % 76.10 75.40 78.50 81.10 76.70 Clay % 11.50 11.40 7.30 8.30 7.50 3 Calcium as Ca mg/kg 1324.5 1095.6 1389.9 1349.0 564.1 4 Potassium as K Kg/ha 840.21 925.12 918.10 640.10 687.68 5 Sodium as Na mg/kg 228.00 586.00 760.10 257.01 276.00 6 Magnesium as Mg mg/kg 74.42 128.99 148.84 84.34 54.57 7 Chloride mg/kg 335.00 593.43 640.12 392.43 287.15 8 Bicarbonate (HCO3) mg/kg 3.16 3.60 4.23 3.76 3.43 9 Sulphate mg/kg 32.14 28.16 46.14 44.18 41.86 10 Total Nitrogen Kg/ha 210.06 203.16 268.46 251.46 241.04 11 Total Phosphate Kg/ha 78.10 81.46 92.48 82.41 72.15 12 Avail. Phosphorus Kg/ha 16.80 15.23 18.13 17.42 16.02 13 Organic Matter % 1.56 1.41 1.19 1.40 1.24 14 Organic Carbon % 0.90 0.82 0.69 0.81 0.72 15 Orthophosphate mg/kg 80.44 83.90 95.23 84.88 74.31 16 Carbonate mg/kg 3.88 4.10 4.88 4.10 3.72 17 Sulphur Kg/ha 21.46 19.88 24.61 21.56 19.68 18 Arsenic mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 19 Boron mg/kg 0.61 0.56 0.78 0.52 0.41 20 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg 21.46 19.62 25.46 30.14 21.18 21 Copper as Cu mg/kg 32.71 30.18 32.15 23.14 28.16 22 Iron mg/kg 76.14 73.18 83.14 74.18 68.46 23 Lead as Pb mg/kg 7.84 7.22 9.46 8.18 7.88 24 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 355.14 339.14 422.18 402.36 388.24 25 Mercury mg/kg BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 26 Molybdenum mg/kg 0.1 0.08 0.16 0.14 0.11 27 Nickel mg/kg 8.41 8.04 9.66 8.26 7.88 28 Total Zinc as Zn mg/kg 28.16 24.62 28.42 26.21 23.14 1. Near IIT Kanpur 2. Near Rawatpur Railway Station, 3. Naubasta, 4. Parade Chauraha, 5. Bara 8 Source: Primary Surveys, June 2015 December 2017 (Revised) Page 15-4 Detailed Project Report for Rail Based Mass Transit System in Kanpur FINAL REPORT Chapter 15: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Seismicity Most of the state of Uttar Pradesh lies in the Gangetic Plain. Beneath Uttar Pradesh, runs the Delhi-Haridwar Ridge (DHR), trending NNE-SSW along New Delhi to the Gharwal region. Earthquakes have occurred in mostly all parts of Uttar Pradesh. The districts of Etawah, Kanpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Banda, Fatehpur, Allahabad and Lalitpur lie in Zone III. Seismic zoning map of Uttar Pradesh is given in Figure 15.1. Structural design for the Project has to be done accordingly. FIGURE 15.1: SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF UTTAR PRADESH Project Location 15.1.1.2 Water Environment Total demand of Kanpur city is 520 mld whereas supply is 413 mld. Hence, there is deficit in supply versus demand. Assuming that this deficit will remain same during the construction period and cost of treated surface water for construction is high, ground water is proposed to be used during construction. Use of treated waste water is an option however in view of relatively high capital and operating cost of such facility for metro construction vis a vis small quantify of water required, this option is not considered. For extraction of ground water approval from competent authority i.e. Central Ground Water Board must be taken.