BEST PRACTICES for GEO-ENABLING ELECTIONS DETAILED GUIDANCE Using geographic information systems (GIS) to “pin” the location of each voter residence WHY GIS on a map makes sense in the same way that we use our smartphones to navigate to an in ELECTIONS? unfamiliar location: it enhances accuracy and creates efficiencies. The risk of election errors is reduced, data becomes easier to quality control, and voters can more easily verify that Does America’s electoral system they have been included in the right district or know where each voter resides? districts. By and large, yes. But not nearly well enough to correctly place When we integrate GIS in elections, every voter in the right voting we strengthen our electoral system by increasing its accuracy and reliability. district and avoid election errors. Ultimately, we increase voters’ confidence that their voices are being heard. When voters are given the wrong ballot, results are contested. Controversy, legal battles, and even costly do-overs, follow. With a presidential election on the horizon, and a redistricting process following shortly on its heels, there has never been a more important time to be able to correctly place voters in the right voting district. NSGIC’S GEO-ENABLED ELECTIONS PROJECT Using GIS in elections increases election accuracy and efficiency. Many states already use GIS for other matters, including emergency response systems, infrastructure management, and zoning. Often, they have geographic NSGIC (pronounced NISS-gyck), or the information officers (GIOs) on staff. National States Geographic Information However, few states across our nation Council, is a state-led organization for have fully geo-enabled their elections. developing, exchanging, and endorsing NSGIC partnered with states and geospatial technology and policy best subject matter experts to develop five practices. Its Geo-Enabled Elections best practices for implementing GIS project focuses specifically on the use of in elections, a summary of which is geospatial information in elections. presented here. BEST PRACTICES for IMPLEMENTING GIS IN ELECTIONS For all the rewards from making the transition, implementing GIS into elections management requires a sound plan, effort, and resolve. Technically, realizing the inherent visualization Following is a set of best practices to guide a and analytical advantages of GIS involves GIS transformation, drawn from the insights, replacing non-spatial ‘address file’ systems experiences, and counsel from ten states who with election precinct and voter location data participated in NSGIC’s Geo-Enabled Elections in a GIS format. In practice, this will require project 2017-2019. some additional investment and technology. It will require a lasting commitment from election leaders and staff training. “Leveraging GIS in our electoral system increases accuracy and efficiency in elections. It ensures every voter has And, it may require collaboration across a chance to vote in the right electoral agencies, changes to policy, and possibly contests. It also makes election supporting statutory changes. management systems easier to update as our physical environment changes through new development, or after the redrawing of boundaries, as occurs through redistricting.” LEARN MORE Molly Schar, NSGIC Executive Director Find additional information at elections.nsgic.org RIGHT BALLOT TO RIGHT VOTER BEST PRACTICES for GEO-ENABLING ELECTIONS an elections and a GIS perspective. Successful CONVENE A TEAM champions should plan to undertake the following OF SPECIALISTS responsibilities: • Ensure the ultimate success of the SUMMARY project; Geo-enabling elections requires • Identify and implement the project’s collaboration at a high level between strategic objectives; leaders in elections, information • Invite essential leaders and expertise to technology and database administration, the project; and geospatial information technology. • Set expectations for committee work Working together under the leadership of and include partners needed for that an engaged project champion, officials, and work; and key staff should address critical elements of • Create a policy and technical committee geo-enabling the elections process: project goals, requirements, timelines, budget, and and designate chairs for both, as well as governance. Including the GIS coordinator a lead staffer to support each. or coordination office responsible for The policy committee should include the coordinating GIS resources and secretary of state; chairs of relevant legislative implementation from the outset is highly standing committees (government operations or recommended. the equivalent) or designated members; chairs of the redistricting committee (if active); the state elections director; and major political party DETAILS designees. The technical committee Leaders must identify key stakeholders — should include the officials with an interest or concern in election elections director; lead state elections IT support transparency, accuracy, and the use of technology staff; county election officers (clerks); county to improve election systems. Once the key IT staff members from urban, midsize, and rural stakeholders are identified, exploration and counties; the state GIO or GIS office manager; kick-off meetings must be held to answer other relevant functional leads such as a crucial questions: representative from the DMV, 9-1-1, and the state tax commission; and appropriate private sector experts. • Why are we making this change?; • What are the opportunities for saving These committees are important, and time and money?; each will bring a set of expertise and • How will the new path improve the knowledge to the table to advance the quality of the situation and process? strategy of the entire team. Building consensus within the stakeholder group is essential. This group should craft a unified message to move the work forward, identifying an appropriate timeline for proper implementation. Geo-enabled elections require champions that can promote the desired change from both 4 BEST PRACTICES for GEO-ENABLING ELECTIONS POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 2. Identifying or creating a state address database and/or a geocoding service. The following should A funding strategy should be agreed upon also be considered: including a detailed project budget and timeline. a. What is the frequency of updating the address The policy committee should also focus on database? drafting supporting legislation or administrative rules that promote: b. Who will design/procure and administer the geocoding service? • Data access, consistency, and flexible c. How should these items be acquired, locally but useful data content guidelines; sourced, or commercially purchased? Ensure that • Data maintenance and an updating time is given to research the best options for your state. schedule or improvement plan; • Access to technical support and 3. Identifying how and when to report civic boundary changes. Civic boundary changes assistance; and include the creation of new municipalities, • Core election dataset sharing and annexations, de-annexations, and the dissolution improvement (address points, voting of municipalities, as well as changes in district boundaries such as school districts. In addition to unit boundaries, and other contextual identifying how and when to report, it is important data aiding in the development and to determine who collects, certifies, and publishes this data in the agreed-upon GIS format. improvement of the core election datasets like imagery, roads, addresses, 4. Creating an official repository for geographic and other boundaries). information data where the data is either created by the state agencies themselves or is reported Third, the policy committee should carefully by the local government up to state agencies. evaluate potential legislation to best position and Understanding that transparency and data sharing support a geo-enabled elections implementation, is essential especially when the data needs for considering the following priorities: elections are so similar to that used by emergency management, the US Postal Service, and the 1. Developing legislation to codify the creation assessor’s office, special consideration should be and updating of digital voting unit boundaries given to the possibility of statutory or regulatory including language on how and when boundaries requirements for sharing geospatial data assets are shared into the statewide dataset. The across all state agencies and entities. following should also be considered: a. Who is responsible for data submission, intake, and aggregation? b. How will the data be made accessible to others? c. Who is responsible for the maintenance and administration of the data archive or history? CONVENE A TEAM OF SPECIALISTS 5 BEST PRACTICES for GEO-ENABLING ELECTIONS TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS The technical considerations will be focused on the specifics of the platform, software, and data, and the proper implementation of these pieces to fit the needs of the state and project. The committee will lead the effort to develop and recommend an implementation plan, a software assessment, a schedule for upgrades and enhancements, and also a transition plan. States should be flexible in their implementation goals, certainly aiming for an all-at-once implementation, but also realizing a phased implementation with pilot areas may be the best way to move forward. The implementation plan will identify address data sources and data quality goals, the process for determining