The Tomb, the Palace and a Touch of Shakespeare: The Memory of Sir John Crosby CHRISTIAN STEER In his Memorials of the Wars of the Roses, W.E. Hampton listed all of the surviving monuments to those who had fought in, and been associated with, the Wars of the Roses.1 One such monument was that of Sir John Crosby (died 1475), grocer, alderman and former sheriff of London, merchant of the Staple of Calais, diplomat, and one of those who rallied London in the defence of London Bridge against the assault led by Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg, in May 1471. His tomb lies in the parish church of St Helen’s Bishopsgate in London and is one of only a small number of medieval tombs in the city of London which has survived into the twenty-first century.2 He is also the man who built Crosby Hall, the London residence of Richard, Duke of Gloucester in the period of his Protectorship of April to June 1483. This association has, as a consequence, aroused much interest both by chroniclers and historians of the period and ultimately William Shakespeare who refers to Crosby Place in The Tragedy of Richard III.3 The purpose of this article is to look at the measures Sir John took during his lifetime to arrange commemoration for himself. It is also intended to look at how his memory has survived through the work of others and how they have used his name in a series of events and incidents which have left a lasting legacy particularly in the history of Richard III. The life and career of Sir John has received much scholarly attention.4 His origins have, like those of Richard Whittington and his cat, become associated with mystery and the legend of his being found by a cross, hence the name ‘Crosby’, was popular in the late sixteenth century.5 This legend is of unlikely veracity given the long-standing tenure of the manor of Hanworth, Middlesex, by members of the Crosby family from whom Sir John inherited the manor. His career in London began with his apprenticeship to the grocer, and Yorkist supporter, John Young (died 1481). After becoming free of the city in 1454, Sir John not only managed a successful and profitable business, but also entered civic life. He served as auditor of the city and Bridge House in 1466 and in the same year was elected member of parliament for the city. He became an alderman of Broad Street ward in 1468 and served as sheriff in 1470 before becoming mayor of the Staple of Calais. His knighthood on 21 May 1471, following the city’s successful defence against Fauconberg’s attack of London Bridge, not only reflected Edward IV’s largess in rewarding those responsible but also reflected Sir John’s prominence within the Yorkist regime. He continued to serve the Yorkist interest as an ambassador to Burgundy, publicly to solicit support for an invasion of France, but secretly to meet with representatives of Francis, Duke of Brittany, and secure Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond.6 He died January-February 1475 leaving an estate valued at over £3,200 I am grateful to Miss Sally Badham for her very helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper and also to Dr Hannes Kleineke, Dr Jessica Freeman and Mr Stephen Freeth for their assistance in providing references for this article. 1 W.E. Hampton, Memorials of the Wars of the Roses a Biographical Guide, Gloucester 1979. 2 Sir Nikolaus Pevsner and Simon Bradley, London I: the City of London, London 1997, provides the most useful account of the monuments which survive in the City of London. 3 Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, ed Henry Ellis, London 1811; Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ed Henry Ellis, 6 vols London 1807–08; Edward Hall, Hall’s Chronicle, London 1809; A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley, eds, The Great Chronicle of London, London 1938; William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of King Richard III, ed Anthony Hammond, London 1994. 4 The most comprehensive biographical account is ‘Sir John Crosby’ by Pamela Nightingale in the New Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. In addition to the sources quoted in her footnotes, see also Reverend Thomas Hugo, ‘A Memoir of Crosby Place’, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, vol. 1 (1856); John E. Cox, The Annals of St Helen’s Bishopsgate, London, London 1876, pp. 227-33. I am grateful to Pauline Siddell, Archivist of the Grocer’s Hall, for her comments on Sir John Crosby. 5 John Stow, A Survey of London, ed. C.L. Kingsford, 2 vols, Oxford 1908, vol. 1, p. 173. 6 Cox, Annals of St Helens, pp. 227-228; Charles W.F. Goss, Crosby Hall: A Chapter in the History of London, London 1908, pp. 1-18; Nightingale, ODNB. 1 in monetary bequests together with his property and interests.7 He was buried in St Helen’s Bishopsgate adjacent to Crosby Place. The survival of the tomb to Sir John and his first wife, Agnes (died 1466) is one of the accidents of history for which we remain ever thankful. Huge numbers of monumental brasses, incised slabs, effigies and altar tombs in London were lost during the religious iconoclasm of the Reformation and Civil War, but the majority were lost during the Great Fire of 1666, including all of those in the old Cathedral of St Paul’s. Later, the rebuilding of a number of parish churches in London during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulted in those medieval monuments which had survived being removed and replaced.8 The bomb damage in London during World War II and later terrorist attacks have caused further harm to London’s remaining medieval fabric. The 1992 IRA attack in the city resulted in significant damage to St Helen’s Bishopsgate, completely destroying its stained glass windows. However, the tomb of Sir John and Agnes was unaffected by the blast. The Crosby tomb lies in the chapel of the Holy Ghost in the south transept of St Helen’s Bishopsgate surrounded by railings. This contains the effigies of Sir John and his first wife Agnes, lying recumbent with their hands at prayer. In spite of being a commercial man of business and member of the civic elite, Sir John is displayed in armour, with a mantle over, reflecting his knightly status rather than that of an alderman of London. He rests his head on a helm with his feet on a griffin. He wears rings on his fingers and his hair is cropped and parted, designs typical of mid to late fifteenth-century monuments.9 There is little damage to the effigy other than the thumbs of both hands which have been broken off. His wife Agnes is dressed in a veiled head-dress with a frontlet and wearing a mantle and gown, with an elaborate necklace and rings reflecting her status as a lady. Her head rests on a cushion supported by angels, while her feet rest on two dogs, one of which is damaged with the head missing. As with the effigy of her husband the thumbs on both of her hands have been broken off. It is of particular interest that both Sir John and Agnes are shown wearing the collar of suns and roses which identifies their allegiance to the Yorkists and the favour of Edward IV. This collar can be seen on several late fifteenth-century monuments including the alabaster tomb at Minster Lovell, Oxfordshire, probably commemorating John, Lord Lovell (died 1465), the father of Francis, Viscount Lovell, KG, and a favourite of Richard III.10 The effigies lie on a free standing tomb chest with a series of heraldic coats of arms surrounding the base. These were originally carved with the arms of the Staple of Calais on the east end, that of the Grocers’ Company on the west end and with the arms of Crosby on the south and north sides of the tomb.11 On either side of each coat of arms are two niches one above the other and it is possible that they may have once contained painted images. The heraldry is now in poor condition but it is likely that it too was originally painted, as may have been other elements of the tomb, such as the images of Sir John and Agnes, but no trace of this survives. Nor does the original inscription survive. Fortunately, John Weever noted the inscription: Orate pro animabus Iohannis Crosby Militis Ald. atque tempore vite Maioris Staple ville Caleis; & Agnetis uxoris sue, ac Thome, Richardi Iohannis, Iohannis, Margarete & Iohanne liberorum eiusdem Iohannis Crosby militis ille obiit, 1475 & illa 1466 quorum animabus propitietur Deus.12 (Pray for the souls of John Crosby, knight, alderman and during a portion of his life Mayor of the Staple of the town of Calais, and of Agnes his wife, of Thomas, Richard, John, John, Margaret and Johanna, children of the same John Crosby. He died in 1475 and she in 1466, on whose souls may God have mercy) The inscription’s standard format requesting prayers for the dead made it vulnerable to destruction after 7 TNA PRO, PROB 11/6, ff. 182r-88v. 8 The lack of surviving medieval monuments in the city of London is shown in Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (RCHM), An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in London, vol. 4, The City, London 1929. Many parish churches, which had survived the 1666 fire had few medieval monuments surviving, see, for example, St Andrew Undershaft pp.