RESOURCES: BEST PRACTICES AND ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO PEST MANAGEMENT IPM FOR INVASIVE SPECIES TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND _________________________________________________________________ 2 What can we do about invasive species?______________________________________________ 2 Laws & Regulations_______________________________________________________________ 4 Federal ________________________________________________________________________ 4 State __________________________________________________________________________ 4 International____________________________________________________________________ 4 Invasive & Noxious Plant Species ___________________________________________________ 4 Reduced Risk Strategies to Control Invasive & Noxious Plant Species ______________________ 5 Biological control_____________________________________________________________ 6 Invasive Animal Invaders and Pathogens _____________________________________________ 8 Invasive Diseases, Fungi and Parasites _______________________________________________ 8 Invasive Species Management ______________________________________________________ 8 Databases______________________________________________________________________ 8 o Expertise Databases__________________________________________________________ 9 o General Databases ___________________________________________________________ 9 o Terrestrial Plant Databases ____________________________________________________ 9 o Terrestrial Animal Databases __________________________________________________ 9 o Aquatic Plant Databases ______________________________________________________ 9 o Aquatic Animal Databases ____________________________________________________ 9 o Microbial Databases _________________________________________________________ 9 o Regional Databases __________________________________________________________ 9 o International Databases _______________________________________________________ 9 General Guides _________________________________________________________________ 9 Pest ID_________________________________________________________________________ 12 1 BACKGROUND North America is home to many animals and plants that have been introduced since early European settlements. Many of the most damaging invasive animal species were originally introduced either for sport, as pets, or as livestock and pack animals. Invasive plants were introduced in a variety of ways, for example as crops, pasture and garden plants and to prevent erosion. Without their natural enemies, some non-native plants became invasive, reducing the diversity and quantity of native plants. Millions of acres of once healthy, productive rangelands, forestlands and riparian areas have been overrun by noxious or invasive weeds. They are invading recreation areas, public lands, National Parks, State Parks, roadsides, stream banks, federal, state, and private lands. Invasive weeds destroy wildlife habitat, reduce opportunities for hunting, fishing, camping and other recreational activities, displace many threatened and endangered species, reduce plant and animal diversity because of weed monocultures- single plant species that over run all others in an area, disrupt waterfowl and neo-tropical migratory bird flight patterns and nesting habitats, cost millions of dollars in treatment and loss of productivity to private land owners. Invasive species also include disease-causing organisms such as fungi and viruses. These organisms can be a threat to a wide variety of native plants and animals. Some of these have become invasive — they have spread and multiplied to the point where they damage the environment, threaten the continued existence of native plants and animals, or create significant problems for agriculture. What can we do about invasive species? Back to TOC It would be desirable to rid USA of the worst invasive species, but this is not achievable in most cases. Thus, management of invasive species conventional or biological, focuses on reducing their impacts as cost effectively as possible. Management may involve eradication of the pest particular area, repeated reductions of pest numbers for periods of time, lasting reductions of pest numbers, removal of the most destructive individuals or exclusion of the pest species from an area. This approach means that control can be targeted — for example, to protect a threatened native species. Interactions between native species and invasive species are often hard to measure and can complicate decisions about controlling the invaders. Control methods for invasive plant species include use of herbicides, manual removal, controlled burn and ploughing in. Problems that may arise from the use of herbicides include the pollution of waterways and the killing of native insects and small invertebrates. Conventional techniques for control of invasive animals include fencing, trapping, poisoning and shooting. There has been some community concern for the welfare of invasive animals and it is now generally accepted that any pest control program must be humane and must have minimal impact on non- target species. Biological methods to control pests include the use natural enemies such as predators, parasites and disease-carrying bacteria or viruses. Biological controls are most effective if used in combination with conventional methods. In California, the Biological Control Program 2 is an integral component of the Plant Health and Pest Prevention Service's (PHPPS) Pest Prevention Program. The program helps to minimize the economic and environmental impact of noxious weed and insect species through the implementation of biological control programs throughout the state. In 1999, President Clinton signed an Executive Order #13112 that legally defined an “invasive species” as a species that is 1. Non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and 2. Whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm, or harm to human health. Invasive species can be plants, animals, and other organisms, such as microbes. Human actions are the primary means of invasive species introductions. From the management perspective, invasive species can be categorized as follows: Terrestrial Plants Terrestrial Animals Aquatic & Wetlands Plants Aquatic & Wetlands Animals Microbes The Federal Government, working with the states and territories, is supporting research and developing management plans to reduce the impact of invasive species on USA's native plants and animals and on agriculture. Invasivespecies.gov is the gateway to Federal efforts concerning invasive species. On this site you can learn about the impacts of invasive species and the Federal government's response, as well as read select species profiles and find links to agencies and organizations dealing with invasive species issues. Invasivespecies.gov is also the Web site for the National Invasive Species Council, which coordinates Federal responses to the problem. The website also provides specific state information, for example Invasive Species: California. The web site of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), a department within U.S.D.A., also includes a Hot Issues page and an Emerging Pests page that provides information, and updates on current problems. APHIS also maintains several pest lists containing species considered a threat or possible threat to American animals, plants, ecosystems, agriculture, and agricultural trade. 3 Laws & Regulations Back to TOC Federal • Executive Order 13112 established the National Invasive Species Council • Invasive Species Bills - 108th Congress • Invasive Species Bills - 107th Congress • Congressional Hearings and Testimony • Federal Acts, Agencies, and Authorities pertaining to invasive species • Federal Laws & Regulations State • California Laws & Regulations • California Weed Laws International • International Legal Instruments with Programs / Activities pertaining to invasive species • Codes of Conduct / Guidelines pertaining to invasive species • International Conventions • DECLARATIONS & REPORTS Invasive & Noxious Plant Species Back to TOC Native plants evolved over millions of years to fill unique ecological niches. What we know as weeds today (non-native, ecologically damaging plants) did not exist in the wilderness then. These plants developed in and are native to other countries. Like our native plants, they are kept in check in their native environment by insects or diseases and by competition with other species. In order to survive in their native ecosystems, many plants develop characteristics that make them especially hardy. The term "weed" means different things to different people. In the broadest sense, it is any plant growing where it is not wanted. Weeds can be native or non-native, invasive or non- invasive, and noxious or not noxious. Legally, a noxious weed is any plant designated by a Federal, State or county government as injurious to public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife or property. A noxious weed is also commonly defined as a plant that grows out of place (e.g., a rose can be a weed in a wheat field) and is "competitive, persistent, and pernicious. 4 Invasive plants include not only noxious weeds, but also other plants that are not native to this country. Plants are invasive if they have been introduced into an environment where they did not evolve. As a result, they usually have no natural enemies to limit their reproduction and spread. Some invasive plants can produce significant changes to vegetation, composition,