€be heronries of Somerset. BY J. WIGLESWORTH, M.D., Member of the British Ornithologists' Union. "/^I AME of Heronsewes. Also there were vewed at this VJ present Survey certayne Heronsewes, which have allwaves used to brede there, to the nombre of iiii." In these words the Surveyors appointed by King Henry VIII to take stock of the " Landes, Woods, Waters, Games of Fesauntes, Games of Suannes, Heronsewes, and all other possessions . apperteyning unto the late atteyned Monasterye of Glastonbury," give us a glimpse, albeit only a glimpse, of a Somerset heronry of the XVI Century. The extract is taken from the Survey Roll of the Glaston- bury Abbey properties under the heading of " The Mannour of Mere," 1 in the woods attached to which Manor, two in number, of five and four acres in extent respectively, the heronry was situated. The date of the Survey is not given, but as the report refers to the late Abbot, who was hanged in 1539, it was probably made, or at least commenced, in that year, and Meare seems to have been one of the first properties visited. The phraseology of the extract above given leaves us some- 1. Peter Langtoft's Chronicle . By Thomas Hearne. To which are added ... "A Roll concerning Glastonbury Abbey, etc.," 1725, Vol. II, pp. 343, 346-7. See also Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, new edit., 1846, Vol. 1, p. 11 j and The Glastonbury Lake Village, I, 42. I am indebted to the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt for calling my attention to the existence of this record. The Heronries of Somerset. 69 what in doubt as fco whether the number iiii refers to the number of ' games ' or to that of birds only. If the latter were the case, which the wording suggests, the heronry was a remarkably small one, especially considering its situation in a district so eminently suited to the birds' habits, close to 1 Meare Pool, at that time five miles in circumference and teeming with fish. We are not however told the time of the year at which the heronsewes were ' vewed,' and that might have made an appreciable difference in the count. But whatever the size the Meare heronry was, it has long since vanished, and left no record behind it beyond that quoted above. Negatively also the Glastonbury Survey Roll has a certain interest, for in not one of the other numerous and widely- spread properties described therein is any mention made of ' heronsewes,' as assuredly there would have been had any such existed. We are therefore justified in concluding that Meare was the only place within the jurisdiction of the Abbot of Glastonbury, at which a heronry existed at the time of the dissolution of the monastery. The Meare heronry was contemporaneous with the palmy days of falconry, when this fashionable sport was assiduously followed by king and nobles, and when in order to provide quarry for the lordly falcon, herons were carefully preserved, and severe penalties were enacted both for killing the birds themselves and for the taking of their eggs. But beyond their use for sporting purposes these birds were valued also for the table, and ' heronsewes ' figured in the bill of fare at all great feasts. Probably it was as much for the latter purpose as the former that the abbots of Glastonbury preserved their heronry ; and it was for this purpose also that heronries were valued after the great decline in the practice of falconry, which set in more particularly after the great Civil War, had caused them to be in little demand for sporting purposes. 1. See Speed's map reproduced in The Glastonbury Lake Village, vol. I, fig. 2, p. 43. • 70 The Heronries of Somerset. Willughby indeed in his work on Ornithology, 1 referring bo English heronries, says that " the owners make yearly a good profit of the young " showing that they were still at that time in good demand for the table. It is a far cry from the middle of the XVI Century to the beginning of the XIX, but I can find no reference to any other Somerset heronry until the time of Montagu, who in the Sup- plement to his well known Ornithological Dictionary (1813) mentions the fact of a heronry existing at Pixton, the seat of Lord Carnarvon ; whilst Rutter in 1829 called attention to the Brockley heronry. For many years after the latter date these two were the only heronries known to exist in the county, and they are alluded to by all subsequent writers upon Somerset birds, but these writers were for the most part content merely to chronicle .the existence of these heronries without giving any details concerning them, so that the information we possess with respect to their former status is very meagre. It was not until 1872 that any further addition was made to the list, but in that year J. E. Harting recorded a heronry as existing at Knowle, near Dunster ; whilst in 1883 C. Smith published for the first time an account of the Halswell Park heronry. The number was raised to five in 1893 by the Rev. Murray A. Mathew, by the inclusion of the Mells Park heronrj^ in his List of the Birds of Somerset, and at that figure it has re- mained ever since, the same five heronries being enumerated by the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, the latest writer on the subject, in his article on Birds in the Victoria County History of Somerset, vol. I, 1906 ; and some details in respect to these heronries " were given by the same author in his " Notes on Heronries {Zoologist, 1908, pp. 452-3). To this number I am now able to add a sixth, as a large heronry is located in the Somerton Erleigh woods, near Somer- ton. The existence of this heronry was unknown to the Rev. F. L. Blathwayt at the time he published his ' Notes,' but it having subsequently come to his knowledge that herons bred 1. The Ornithology of Francis Willughby, 1678, p. 278. The Heronries of Somerset. 71 in the Kingsdon woods (which adjoin Somerton Erleigh woods) he was good enough to inform me of the fact. This makes in all six heronries which exist, or have till lately existed, in the county, located respectively at, Brockley Park, near Bristol Pixton, Dulverton ; ; Halswell Park, near Bridgwater ; Somerton Erleigh, near Somerton ; Knowle, near Dunster ; and Mells Park, near Frome. The two last- named however are now extinct, so that there are at the present time only four heronries in the county actually occu- pied, so far as I have been able to ascertain. 1 Having been enabled through the courtesy of the proprietors or tenants of the different properties on which these heronries are situated to visit all those at present in existence, I propose now to give a short account of each of them, together with such details of their histories as I have been able to gather. I am including in this account the two recently extinct ones as it is only of late years that these sites have ceased to be occupied, and in the case of one of them—that at Mells Park—there is reason to hope that the birds may re-establish themselves. Brockley Park Heronry. Although no records are extant with respect to the early history of this heronry, it is undoubtedly a very old one, being one of the two oldest heronries in the county. The park in which it is situated, the seat of the Smyth-Pigott family, has been in existence for many centuries, and herons are known to have been located there for at least one or two hundred years. The earliest reference to this heronry that I have been able to find is contained in the pages of Putter, who in his descrip- 2 tion of Brockley Hall given in his well known work states that 1. Some years ago a small heronry existed in a plantation on Cossington Manor estate near Bridgwater, and the birds appear to have bred there for many years. I have been unable to obtain any details with respect to this heronry, but Mr. Broderip, the owner of the property, has informed me that he has not seen the birds about for some years, so that presumably the heronry is no longer in existence. 2. Delineations of the North Western Division of the County of Somerset, by John Butter, 1829, p. 30. 72 The Heronries of Somerset. the park " contains an ancient Heronry, an object now become rare, but formerly much coveted by English gentlemen for the sport afforded by these birds in the favourite amusement of hawking." As in the year 1829 the heronry was then 4 spoken of as an ancient ' one, it may reasonably be inferred that at that time it had been in existence for quite a hundred years, and probably for a much longer period, but for how much longer can only be matter of speculation. Although the existence of this heronry has been known since the time of Rutter, no writer upon Somerset birds during the past century, made any attempt to estimate the size of the colony, and it was not until 1908 when the Rev. F. L. >l Blathwayt published his ' Notes that any attempt at enumeration was made, the number occupying the site in that year being given at about ten pairs of birds. On April 4th, 1917, through the kindness of Mrs. Smyth- Pigott I paid a visit to this heronry. It is situated in the park on a gently sloping hill-side, and the nests were all placed in tall deciduous trees, ash, oak, etc., the tops of some of which were more or less dead.