United Nations International (GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQWL¿FDQG Hydrological Cultural Organization Programme GROUNDWATER FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS A Methodological Guide Edited by Jaroslav Vrba and Balthazar Th. Verhagen Contributing authors Kunyi Guo Klaus-Peter Seiler Jan Šilar Balbir Singh Sukhija Wim van der Linden Balthazar Verhagen Jaroslav Vrba Ryuma Yoshioka Wenbin Zhou IHP-VII Series on Groundwater No. 3 International Hydrological Programme Division of Water Sciences The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in 2011 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP Printed by UNESCO © UNESCO 2011 Printed in France IHP-VII/2011/GW-3 This book is dedicated to the memory of Jan Šilar a long-time member of the International Association of Hydrogeologists and one of initiators of the project Groundwater for Emergency Situations. Authors of the Methodological Guide (Chapters 1 to 10) GUO, Kunyi China Geological Survey, Nanjing Centre, China SEILER, Klaus-Peter i.R. Institute of Hydrology, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, Germany/ Geological Institute, LM University, München, Germany ŠILAR, Jan † Formerly: Dept. of Hydrogeology, Charles University, Prague, The Czech Republic SUKHIJA, Balbir National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, (CSIR ), India VAN DER LINDEN, Wim IGRAC, International Groundwater Assessment Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands VERHAGEN, Balthazar Th. School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa VRBA, Jaroslav Chairman of Groundwater Protection Commission of International Association of Hydrogeologists, Prague, The Czech Republic YOSHIOKA, Ryuma Association of Environmental Hydrogeologists , Kyoto, Japan ZHOU, Wenbin Nanchang University, Nanchang, China Authors of the Case Studies (Chapters 11.1 to 11.10) An alphabetical list of case study authors and their affiliations is presented on page 224. Preface The precipitate growth of disasters that affect ever-increasing numbers of humanity in recent decades and the inevitable attendant crisis in the supply of drinking water has prompted UNESCO IHP to undertake a project entitled ‘Groundwater for Emergency Situations’ (GWES). The aim of the GWES project is to consider natural catastrophic events that could adversely influence human health and life and to identify in advance emergency groundwater resources resistant to natu- ral and man-made disasters that could replace damaged public and domestic drinking water supplies. The project was approved at the 15th session of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) and included in the Implementation Plan of the Sixth Phase of the IHP (2002–2007), Theme 2: ‘Integrated watershed and aquifer dynamics’, under the title ‘Identification and management of strategic groundwater bodies to be used for emergency situations that result from extreme events or in case of conflicts’. The aims and objectives of Theme 2 are among others: • To assess the impacts of extreme events (natural and man-induced) and proposed mitigation schemes • To develop a framework for reducing ecological and socio-economic vulnerability to hydrological extremes (floods, droughts, mud flows, ice jam, avalanches). • To analyze extreme evens by integrating various sources of data (historical, instrumental, satellite) to secure an improved understanding over large scales in time and space. Considering the increasing frequency and impact of natural disasters on populations the Intergovernmental Council of the IHP approved the prolongation of the GWES project and implemen- tation of its second phase within IHP-VII (2008–2013), Theme 1: Adapting to the impacts of global changes on river basins and aquifer systems, Focal area 1.3: Hydro-hazards, hydrological extremes and water related disasters. The GWES project is implemented by an International Working Group composed by experts from UNESCO, International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) and other experts from different countries and regions. The activities and objectives of the GWES project were formulated at the first meeting of the Working Group held at UNESCO Headquarters, Paris (February, 2004). The preparation of a framework document was proposed by UNESCO as one of the first outcomes of the GWES project. The content of the document was discussed and approved at the above-mentioned Paris meeting. The second meeting of the Working Group took place at the UNESCO Offices in New Delhi, India (April, 2005). During this meeting the first draft of the document was evaluated and its final version agreed on. Groundwater for Emergency Situations – A Framework Document, edited by J. Vrba and B. Verhagen, was published by UNESCO in the IHP-VI Series on Groundwater No. 12 in the year 2006. It is available also on CD format. Several workshops were organised in the first phase of the GWES project: Mexico (2004), India (2005) and Islamic Republic of Iran (2006). For the latter the Proceedings of the International Workshop, Tehran, 29–31 October 2006 are available as IHP-VI Series on Groundwater No. 15, published by UNESCO. A GWES project presentation has been organised on the seminar of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) Congress held in Toyama, Japan, in 2008. The second phase of the GWES project sees implementation in the years 2008 –2013. Beneficiaries of the project will be governmental, water management and rescue authorities at all administrative levels (local, national, international) as well as local communities in the areas repeatedly affected by natural disasters. In such areas a timely investigation of emergency groundwater resources is essential in devel- oping emergency drinking water supply policy and becomes imperative in risk management of ground water resources resistant to natural disasters. This Methodological Guide supports the scope of the GWES project: Identifying, investigating, assessing, managing and mapping groundwater resources resistant to natural disasters that could be used in emergencies resulting from different extreme climatic and geological disaster events. A very important aspect of the GWES project, in drawing the attention of governments, organizations and individuals to the concept of preparedness for establishing alternative drinking water supplies, is empowerment. Very often a local population is rendered helpless following a disaster, cut off from its traditional water supplies and faced with delays in aid from outside. This may lead to destabilization and demoralization at a time when people need to rebuild their lives. The empowerment inherent in the GWES approach enables people to take charge immediately, with ownership of knowledge and infrastructural means, to restore water supply from their own groundwater resources, thus forestalling lengthy deprivation and illness and releasing energies for general reconstruction. This Methodological Guide provides background information on groundwater protection with parti- cular reference to its use in emergency situations as result of natural hazards and hydrological extremes. It also outlines the governance policy framework in which groundwater as an emergency resource may be integrated into overall emergency management and service provision. To illustrate the principles and techniques presented in the Guide, a varied number of real world case studies from widely differing regions is presented. Jaroslav Vrba Balthazar Verhagen Editor of the GWES Methodological Guide Editor of the GWES Methodological Guide Coordinator of the GWES project Acknowledgements UNESCO is thanked for funding the project and for technical and administrative support. A special word of thanks to Mrs Alice Aureli, Responsible for Groundwater Resources Activities, Secretariat of the International Hydrological Programme, Division of Water Sciences, UNESCO, for active cooper - ation in the implementation of the GWES project and in the realization and publication of both the GWES Framework Document and GWES Methodological Guide. Gratitude is expressed also to the UNESCO New Delhi Office, particularly to Mr Bhanu Neupane, Programme Specialist, who organised the meeting of the GWES Working Group held in New Delhi in 2005 and the workshop in State Orissa, India in 2010. Thanks to his efforts the knowledge and experience of hydrologists and hydrogeologists from the South-East Asian region could be incorporated into the GWES project activities. We also thank IHP National Committee of the Czech Republic, initiator of the GWES project and Mr Reza Ardakanian, Director, Regional Centre on Urban Water Management, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran and Mr Ali Reza Salamat, Chairman of Organizing Committee of the International Workshop on Groundwater in Emergency Situations, for the excellent organization of the UNESCO International Workshop on the GWES project held in Tehran in 2006. Contents Executive Summary 19 Jaroslav Vrba and Balt Verhagen 1. Introduction 35 Balt Verhagen and Jaroslav Vrba 2. Groundwater: origin, occurrence and recharge 37 Klaus-Peter Seiler 3. Groundwater: an emergency source for drinking water supply 49 Klaus-Peter Seiler 4. Tools for identifying and exploring emergency groundwater resources 55 4.1 Geology 55 Wenbin Zhou 4.2 Hydrogeology