BBN–ANG–183 Typography Setting type on a pc, onscreen & web typography Zoltán G. Kiss & Péter Szigetvári Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 1 / 88 last time last time ◮ digital fonts, formats ◮ how the computer handles fonts ◮ character & font encoding ◮ Unicode and OpenType ◮ smart font options gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 2 / 88 aims aims for today ◮ typesetting systems on a computer ◮ markup vs. WYSIWYG ◮ electronic distribution of text ◮ pdf ◮ preflighting ◮ setting type on the web gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 3 / 88 automation from manual to automated typesetting gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 4 / 88 automation automated typesetting – basic innovations of Gutenberg are still in use gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 5 / 88 automation automated typesetting – some typographical features still lagging behind: ◮ proportional optical sizes ⇐⇒ scalable fonts ◮ fine typography (true small caps, ligs, etc.) ⇐⇒ limited font technology ◮ BUT: OpenType fonts + Unicode... ◮ separation of logical markup from actual formatting ⇐⇒ WYSIWYG systems gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 6 / 88 automation automated typesetting – historical steps ◮ typewriters (1870s) – concept of escapement, monospaced letters ◮ machine typesetters: Monotype & Linotype (1880s until 1990s) ◮ phototypsetting (1970s) ◮ computerization (1980s) gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 7 / 88 automation automated typesetting: typesetting machines ◮ the Linotype & Monotype machines (1880s) ◮ the Microsoft vs. Apple of the 1900s ◮ digital age: Linotype Library (1997) and Agfa Monotype/Monotype Imaging (1998); 2006: Linotype and Agfa Monotype merge, www.fonts.com; www.linotype.com; www.monotype.com gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 8 / 88 automation the Linotype machine (1930s) gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 9 / 88 automation the Monotype machine (1920s) gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 10 / 88 computerization computerized typesetting ◮ approaches to typesetting on computers ◮ examples of software gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 11 / 88 computerization markups traditional publishing process 1: pure text+logical markup gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 12 / 88 computerization markups the content: author’s typewritten manuscript gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 13 / 88 computerization markups traditional publishing process 2: logical → direct markup gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 14 / 88 computerization markups author’s typewritten manuscript with editor’s annotations gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 15 / 88 computerization markups traditional publishing process 3: direct m. → typesetting gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 16 / 88 computerization markups the traditional publishing process 4: printing gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 17 / 88 computerization markups final typeset and printed text gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 18 / 88 computerization markups example of markup today: HTML tags <h1>Sanctum’s Breach</h1> <p>A rolling tremor passes ... hold more <em>truth</em> than fantasy ...</p> – how <h1>, <p>, <em>, etc. actually look like is defined in a separate style sheet gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 19 / 88 computerization markups advantages of the markup approach ◮ pure text (the content/information) is kept intact ⇒ text is human- and machine readable (searching, readers, etc.) ◮ structural and logical/functional information is preserved “this is a paragraph”; “this is a title”; “this is an emphasis”, etc. ⇒ document has a clear information/logical structure ◮ styling/form/output is independent & can be changed flexibly ⇒ styling is nondestructing, same information can be styled differently gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 20 / 88 computerization markups independence of content and style gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 21 / 88 computerization wysiwyg today’s publishing process: bad practices ◮ most well-known typesetting applications (all WYSIWYG) encourage bad practices ◮ do not separate composition of text from its typesetting/styling ◮ the author is distracted from composing content, in favor of making typographical choices all the time (sizes, font styles, indents, page breaks, etc., etc.) ◮ idea of markup (logical or direct) is nonexistent ◮ documents often have no underlying logical structure ◮ encourages primitive formatting practices ◮ workflow is severely hindered & error-prone (especially for complex publications): e.g., changing one overall style for a logical function, or defining different styles for one given logical element gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 22 / 88 computerization aims today’s publishing process: aims ◮ keep composition of content & form/style separate using logical/direct markup ◮ still take advantage of computer’s capabilities gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 23 / 88 computerization aims today’s publishing process: 2 solutions ◮ solutions ◮ best: use non-WYSIWYG typesetting systems ◮ better: use stylesheets in WYSIWYG systems gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 24 / 88 computerization stylesheets stylesheets in WYSIWYG applications ◮ set of instructions that enables applying any formatting specifications at once ◮ make typesetting much quicker, reliable, consistent ◮ can create logical structure but still cannot recreate what a non-WYSIWYG application does: 100% separation of content & form gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 25 / 88 computerization stylesheets demo: creating emphasis with a stylesheet gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 26 / 88 typesetting systems which software should one use for which typesetting task? gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 27 / 88 typesetting systems typesetting software task types ◮ simple, short documents (letters, memos, invitations...) ⇒ simple text editors or WYSIWYG word processors ◮ complex, large publications (books, theses, dissertations, lots of tables, figures, index, lists...) ⇒ dedicated non-WYSIWYG type setting systems ◮ newspapers, magazines (non-conventional paragraphs, lots of images), typographic postproduction of manuscripts ⇒ WYSIWYG desktop publishing layout software (dtp’s) gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 28 / 88 typesetting systems word processors word processors ◮ WYSIWYG ◮ limited typesetting capabilities ◮ limited image-handling ◮ can be unstable (needs huge resources) ◮ printer setting often changes layout ◮ no font-embedding ◮ limited pdf output ◮ difficult to fully program (data in the file are hidden from user) ◮ not recommended for important and complex/large publications gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 29 / 88 typesetting systems word processors some WYSIWYG word processors ◮ Microsoft Word ◮ Apple Pages ◮ WordPerfect ◮ Adobe FrameMaker ◮ openoffice.org Writer (now called Libre Office) ◮ AbiWord gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 30 / 88 typesetting systems DTP DTP ◮ WYSIWYG ◮ sophisticated typesetting capabilities ◮ high-level image-handling ◮ font-embedding is possible ◮ advanced pdf and ebook output ◮ difficult to fully program ◮ need lots of memory, cpu-power (slow on weaker pc’s) ◮ main purpose: laying out documents for printing (not for composition) ◮ most are very expensive gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 31 / 88 typesetting systems DTP DTP ◮ QuarkXpress ◮ Adobe InDesign ◮ Corel Ventura ◮ Microsoft Publisher ◮ Aldus/Adobe PageMaker ◮ Scribus (free) gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 32 / 88 typesetting systems DTP Adobe InDesign – screenshot gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 33 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG non-WYSIWYG ◮ composition in an ASCII text editor, using markups (tags/commands) ◮ typesetting process and actual preview is separate ◮ it takes marked-up text as input and gives formatted text as output ◮ most important applications: TEX&LATEX http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html ◮ used mostly by the science community gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 34 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG creating a document in TEX & LATEX gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 35 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG creating a document in TEX & LATEX gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 36 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG creating a document in TEX & LATEX gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 37 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG basic structure of a LATEX document preamble/head: here we define the type and style of our document body: the text of the document with formatting commands, introduced by \begin{document} end: this is simply marked by the command \end{document} gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 38 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG a basic LATEX source file \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article} \begin{document} \title{My first \LaTeX\ document} \author{John Demo} \date{6 May, 2009} \maketitle \section{Introduction} This is an example text for the first section. \subsection{This is a subsection} This is some text in the subsection. \section{Another section} This is some text in the next section. \end{document} ... and its output: gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 39 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG gkz & szp (delg) pc, onscreen, web typo 40 / 88 typesetting systems non-WYSIWYG a basic LATEX source file with a footnote in Times \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article} \usepackage{times} \title{My first \LaTeX\ document} \author{John Demo} \date{13 May, 2008} \begin{document} \maketitle \section{Introduction} This is an example text for the first section.\footnote{This