Original Research International Telemedicine in Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care: A Multicenter Experience Andrea Victoria Otero, MD,1 Alejandro Jose Lopez-Magallon, MD,1 cation, and impact on medical practice among centers. Conclusions: Diana Jaimes, MD,2 Maria Victoria Motoa, MD,3 An international, multicenter telemedicine program in PCCC is Miguel Ruz, MD,4 Julio Erdmenger, MD,5 technologically and logistically feasible. Prospective interventions in and Ricardo A. Mun˜oz, MD, FAAP, FCCM, FACC1 our international multicenter telemedicine program should consider differences in staff composition, perception of needs, and patient 1Division of Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care, Children’s Hospital population among centers. of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Key words: telemedicine, cardiology/cardiovascular disease, pedi- 2Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Foundation atrics, telecardiology of Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia. 3Division of Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care, Department Introduction and Background of Pediatrics, Valle de Lili Foundation, Cali, Colombia. pecialized cardiac critical care is a central component in the 4Division of Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care, Department management of critically ill, neonatal, pediatric, and adult of Pediatrics, VID Congregacion Mariana Cardio Clinic, patients with congenital and acquired heart disease. Scar- Medellin, Colombia. city of dedicated cardiac intensive care units (CICUs) with 5 S Division of Cardiology, Federico Gomez Children’s Hospital specialized medical staff is a widespread problem in developing of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. countries with the pressing need to advance their level of expertise in 1,2 the management of complex congenital heart disease. Telemedicine is a relatively new tool, emerging as a valuable al- Abstract ternative to alleviate these deficiencies, providing expedited access to Objective: To describe our multicenter experience in telemedicine- the opinions of qualified specialists from high-performance centers, assisted pediatric cardiac critical care (PCCC) with four hospitals in and enabling education. Latin America from July 2011 to June 2013. Materials and Methods: Telemedicine has been applied to adult critical care extensively and, This was a descriptive study based on telemedicine encounters related to a lesser degree, to pediatric critical care for several years now. It is to quality of communication, assessed information, activities, and estimated that approximately 10% of all adult intensive care unit beds recommendations. Comparison among centers was performed. A in the United States are currently being serviced by telemedicine.3 postimplementation survey was conducted through a 5-point Likert In adult care also, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting a scale questionnaire investigating acceptance among professionals telemedicine-assisted system can be associated with improved patient involved with the telemedicine service through the assessment of outcomes, especially if applied in a systematic way and incorporating it general satisfaction, perception about the work system, usefulness, as a part of a quality project.4 There are fewer reports related to the use of and impact on medical practice. Results: One thousand forty con- telemedicine in pediatric intensive care units and the pediatric cardi- sultations were conducted for 476 patients. Postoperatively, patients ology setting, with some of them related to critical care consultation or were distributed into Risk Adjustment Classification for Congenital to rural isolated populations.5–8 Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) categories as follows: 2%, 26%, 36%, We started an international telemedicine service in pediatric car- 26%, and 10% in categories 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. A real- diac critical care (PCCC) (electronic CICU [e-CICU]) with one center in time intervention took place in 23% of encounters. Of the 2,173 Colombia in 2010, and our initial experience was recently published, recommendations given, 70 were related to extracorporeal membrane reporting positive results of a postintervention survey filled out by oxygenation management. There was a different RACHS-1 distribu- participating remote medical staff.9 However, little is known about tion and encounter characteristics among centers. From a total of 51 the optimal method of a telemedicine service delivery in the inter- surveys sent, 27 responses were received, and among responders, national setting. overall satisfaction was very high (4.27 – 0.18), as well as work This study was designed with the primary goal of describing our system quality (4.4 – 0.37). Telemedicine was considered useful in the expanded experience with e-CICU with four participating hospitals in cardiac intensive care unit (3.86 – 0.60), for patient outcomes Latin America from July 2011 to June 2013, in anticipation for (3.8 – 0.51), and for education (3.7 – 0.71). There was a difference in possible prospective interventions during a second phase of our overall satisfaction, perception about telemedicine usefulness in edu- program. DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2013.0307 ª MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. VOL. 20 NO. 7 JULY 2014 TELEMEDICINE and e-HEALTH 1 OTERO ET AL. Materials and Methods Table 2. Patient Distribution According to Surgical Status Physicians from the Heart Center at Children’s Hospital of Pitts- During Teleconsultations burgh (CHP) of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center provided PROCEDURE FREQUENCY (%) telemedicine services to four hospitals in Latin America: Center A RACHS-1 (started in September 2011), Center B (started in May 2011), Center C (started in February 2013), and Center D (started in March 2010). Category 1 13 (1.3) This study was conducted between July 2011 and June 2013. The Category 2 158 (15.2) Institutional Review Boards of all institutions approved this study Category 3 221 (21.3) separately. Category 4 158 (15.2) CENTERS’ CHARACTERISTICS Category 5 1 (0.1) All institutions are high-complexity-level reference centers with Category 6 60 (5.8) full intensivist coverage. Centers A, B, and D include an extracor- poreal life support program. CHP is a state-of the-art children’s Hybrid 21 (2.0) hospital with 289 licensed beds. It has a 36-bed pediatric intensive OHT 20 (1.9) care unit and an independent 12-bed CICU. Centers’ characteristics are described in Table 1. ECMO/VAD 6 (0.6) Other cardiovascular procedure 2 (0.2) E-CICU: WORK SYSTEM CDH repair 5 (0.5) Our current e-CICU provides telemedicine service with structured meetings on a daily basis; the number and type of patients per No cardiovascular surgery 3 (0.3) meeting are selected by local physicians at each hospital. Meetings No surgical patient 372 (35.8) took place between local physicians at each center and one or two Total 1,040 (100.0) physicians from our e-CICU, both being native Spanish speakers. CDH, congenital diaphragmatic hernia; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane Support from the cardiothoracic surgery, interventional cardiology, oxygenation; OHT, orthotopic heart transplant; RACHS-1, Risk Adjustment for and transplant team was requested whenever needed. Because of the Congenital Heart Surgery; VAD, ventricular assist device. constraints of an international telemedicine setting, our model of service does not currently allow physicians from CHP to access electronic medical records from remote centers. Nonetheless, infor- mation related to technical aspects of the telemedicine encounters as well as relevant patient data was documented in a prospectively collected database (e-CICU database) implemented by one physician from CHP and stored with restricted access within our intranet. Tele- medicine hardware and technical information have been already described elsewhere.9 Table 1. Centers’ Characteristics CENTER A CENTER B CENTER C CENTER D Number of ICU beds 12a 24a 20b 6a Pediatric intensivists 4 4 6 5 Pediatric cardiologists 2 4 5 2 Cardiovascular 1233 surgeons Fellows/residents 0 0 18 0 General physicians 0 2 0 0 aDedicated cardiac intensive care unit. bPediatric intensive care unit. Fig. 1. Type of procedure in surgical patients. CDH, congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane ICU, intensive care unit. oxygenation; RACHS, Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery; VAD, ventricular assist device. 2 TELEMEDICINE and e-HEALTH JULY 2014 INTERNATIONAL E-CICU DATA ANALYSIS Table 3. Patient Status During Teleconsultations by Center SPSS (Chicago, IL) Statistic version 19 software was used for sta- CENTER A CENTER B CENTER C CENTER D tistical analysis. For survey analysis, mean and standard deviation Medical 8 (6.3) 65 (17.6) 10 (9.4) 13 (3) for each domain were calculated according to a 5-point Likert scale, Preoperative 27 (21.3) 135 (36.6) 16 (15.1) 102 (23.3) with 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest value. Continuous variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation or median Postoperative 92 (72.4) 169 (45.8) 80 (75.5) 323 (73.7) and range when appropriate. Categorical variables are reported as Data are number (%). frequencies and percentages. For comparison among centers, we p < 0.01 for chi-squared test. conducted an analysis of variance test (with Bonferroni’s adjustment) for continuous variables and chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables where appropriate. We used the Kruskall–Wallis test to evaluate differences in RACHS-1 distribution between centers. DATA COLLECTION De-identified data were retrospectively collected from our e-CICU Results database.