How to build a new eco-friendly supermarket Report 3 Public report for the project: SuperSmart - Expertise hub for a market uptake of energy-efficient supermarkets by awareness raising, knowledge transfer and pre-preparation of an EU Ecolabel Lead authors: Hanne Kauko, SINTEF Karoline Husevåg Kvalsvik, SINTEF Armin Hafner, NTNU Publishing & Communication: Nina Masson, shecco More information: www.supersmart-supermarket.org [email protected] October 2016 SuperSmart is funded by the European Union, under the Horizon 2020 Innovation Framework Programme, project number 696076. Page 3 of 54 Table of Contents Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Introduction to How to build a new eco-friendly supermarket .................................................. 7 2 BUILDING DESIGN...................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Size, shape and outer design ............................................................................................................ 9 2.2 The building envelope ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 Floor, walls and roof ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Windows and doors ............................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Floor plan and interior design ........................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Lighting and electrical equipment .................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Local power generation .................................................................................................................... 12 3 REFRIGERATION AND HVAC ................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 Central refrigeration system ............................................................................................................ 13 3.1.1 1st generation: The booster system ................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 2nd generation: Booster system with parallel compression ......................................... 15 3.1.3 3rd generation: The ejector system ................................................................................... 15 3.2 Condensing units ............................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Plug-in units ........................................................................................................................................ 18 3.4 Refrigeration components: design and operation ....................................................................... 18 3.4.1 Compressors ......................................................................................................................... 18 3.4.2 Expansion device ................................................................................................................. 18 3.4.3 Evaporators/condensers .................................................................................................... 19 3.4.4 Cabinet design ..................................................................................................................... 19 3.5 Air-handling unit ................................................................................................................................ 21 3.6 Thermal storage ................................................................................................................................ 22 3.6.1 Geothermal storage: energy wells ................................................................................... 22 3.6.2 Water tanks .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.6.3 Phase change materials ..................................................................................................... 23 3.7 Heat and cold distribution ............................................................................................................... 23 3.8 Heat recovery .................................................................................................................................... 24 3.9 Control and monitoring ................................................................................................................... 26 4 NON-TECHNICAL BARRIERS .................................................................................................................. 28 5 BEST PRACTICES AND CASE EXAMPLES .............................................................................................. 30 5.1 Germany ............................................................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Great Britain ........................................................................................................................................ 31 5.3 Norway ............................................................................................................................................... 32 5.4 Romania.............................................................................................................................................. 33 5.5 Spain.................................................................................................................................................... 33 5.6 Italy ...................................................................................................................................................... 35 6 GOLDEN RULES AND CHECKLISTS ........................................................................................................ 36 7 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 38 8 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 39 The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union/EASME H2020 Programme under Grant Agreement No 696076. Page 4 of 54 A Appendix A Financing .....................................................................................................................................43 A.1 EU and partner countries ..................................................................................................... 43 A.2 Germany .................................................................................................................................. 44 A.2.1 Call for project grants and financial support ...................................................... 44 A.2.2 Soft loans .................................................................................................................. 45 A.3 Norway .................................................................................................................................... 47 A.3.1 Call for project grants and financial support ...................................................... 47 A.3.2 Tax incentives .......................................................................................................... 48 A.4 Spain ....................................................................................................................................... 49 A.4.1 Call for project grants and financial support ..................................................... 49 A.4.2 Soft loans ................................................................................................................. 50 A.4.3 Tax incentives ........................................................................................................... 51 A.4.4 Financing by means of energy service companies ........................................... 52 A.5 Macedonia ..............................................................................................................................53 A.5.1 Call for project grants and financial support ......................................................53 A.5.2 Soft loans ..................................................................................................................53 Table of Figures Page Figure 1 Air curtain principle. ........................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 2 Example of how different climatic zones can be achieved within a grocery store. ............... 11 st nd rd Figure 3 (a) 1 , (b) 2 and (c) 3 generation central CO2 refrigeration systems for supermarkets. .... 14 Figure 4 (a) CO2 booster system with mechanical subcooling and (b) log(p)-h diagram for CO2 booster system with (3-4) or without (2-4') mechanical subcooling. ....................................... 14 nd Figure 5 Log(p)-h diagram for 2 generation CO2 system; booster