THE IMPACT OF THE MODERNISATION OF IRAN ON KURDISH SOCIETY: MODERNITY, MODERNISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE (1920-1979) Marouf Cabi A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2019 Full metadata for this thesis is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this thesis: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/17817 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 The Impact of the Modernisation of Iran on Kurdish Society: Modernity, Modernisation and Social Change (1920-1979) Marouf Cabi July 2018 Candidate's declaration I, Marouf Cabi, do hereby certify that this thesis, submitted for the degree of PhD, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for any degree. I was admitted as a research student at the University of St Andrews in September 2015. I confirm that no funding was received for this work. Date Signature of candidate Supervisor's declaration I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date Signature of supervisor Permission for publication In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. 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Date Signature of candidate Date Signature of supervisor Underpinning Research Data or Digital Outputs Candidate's declaration I, Marouf Cabi, hereby certify that no requirements to deposit original research data or digital outputs apply to this thesis and that, where appropriate, secondary data used have been referenced in the full text of my thesis. Date Signature of candidate 3 Ethical Approval On behalf of the University of St Andrews, the School of History granted the candidate ethical approval for conducting interviews for this study. Approval Code: HI12807. 4 Table of Contents TABLE OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 7 TRANSLATIONS & TRANSLITERATIONS ...................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 Part I: The Formation of Modern Kurdish-Iranian Society Chapter 1: The integration of Kurdish Society into Modern Iran ......................................................... 33 Chapter 2: The Paradox of Kurdayeti and Modernisation .................................................................. 100 Part II: Kurdistan and the Era of the White Revolution Chapter 3: The White Revolution: Origins, Aims and Economic Plans ............................................. 121 Chapter 4: The Social Consequences of Modernisation ..................................................................... 160 Chapter 5: The Political and Cultural Consequences of Modernisation ............................................. 208 Chapter 6: The Modernisation of Gender Relations ........................................................................... 278 CONCLUSION: Kurdish Society a Synthesis of the Dual Process of Modernisation ...................... 316 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................. 327 5 TABLE OF FIGURES 1. Iran and its administrative divisions, 1977. ........................................................................................ 9 2. Main tribal areas in Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan [first half of the twentieth century]. ...................... 45 3. Kurdistan as a battlefield in the First World War. ............................................................................ 52 4. Administrative Division of Iran 1908-1979 ...................................................................................... 63 5. The Province of Azerbaijan Gharbi .................................................................................................. 63 6. The Province of Kurdistan ................................................................................................................ 63 7. The Province of Kermanshah ............................................................................................................ 63 8. The region populated by the Kurds in the west of Iran ..................................................................... 64 9. The linguistic map of the Kurdish region in Iran and in other neighbouring countries .................... 65 10. Qane'. .............................................................................................................................................. 83 11. Kurdistan in Naqsheye Ma‘arefie Iran (the educational map of Iran), 1304/1925. ........................ 90 12. The Kurdish Revival’s Kurdish Calendar for 1322/1943-44 ........................................................ 116 13. Single dimensional approach to social change in Kurdistan. ........................................................ 117 14. Multi-dimensional approach to social change in Kurdistan. ......................................................... 119 15. The Third Economic Plan (1962-1968). ....................................................................................... 136 16. Education centres and the number of female teachers in the Kurdistan Province. ....................... 182 17. Primary and secondary schools in some Kurdish cities (1955). ................................................... 182 18. Primary and Secondary schools in Iran (1955).............................................................................. 182 19. Aziz Muluk Ma'refat (Mo'tamedi). ............................................................................................... 191 20. Institutions of Education in the Kurdistan Province ..................................................................... 191 21. Iran’s Healthcare indicators for 1923 and 1976. ........................................................................... 195 22. Healthcare facilities in Iran (1978). .............................................................................................. 195 23. The Iranian army displays Sulaiman Mu'eini's body, 1968. ......................................................... 222 24. Kurdish university students in the 1960s. ..................................................................................... 222 25. ‘Ubeidulla Ayyubiyan’s Kurdish Calendar. .................................................................................. 233 26. Cultural encounters in colonial and nation-state contexts: similarities and differences. .............. 237 27. Radio broadcasting, Cinema, Theatre, Library, Newspapers and Magazines, 1972-73. .............. 276 28. Theatre in Kurdistan. .................................................................................................................... 277 29. The women of landowner households around Saqqez, Qajar Kurdistan, 1910. ........................... 314 30. Nahid Primary School pupils in school uniform, Saqqez, 1973. .................................................. 314 31. Students in Kurdish dress, Parvaresh Secondary School for girls, Saqqez, 1979. ........................ 314 32. Hapsa Khan Naqib among new Kurdish-speaking women, modern Iraq, circa 1950s. ................ 315 33. Kashf-e hejab (forced unveiling). ................................................................................................. 315 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis is the outcome of an exhilarating intellectual journey, which started in the end of an exceptionally fruitful undergraduate study at Birkbeck College in 2009. The ideas discussed in this manuscript were conceived then and developed later especially during my postgraduate studies (2010-2011) at SOAS, the School