tmUSGS science for a changing world FINAL REPORrf Five Years of Monitoring Reconstructed Freshwater Tidal Wetlands in the Urban Anacostia River (2000-2004) ) ) ) 1 ) ) ) ) Contributors ) ) Richard S. Hammerschlag ) USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center ) Beltsville Lab, BARC-East 308 ) -) 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705 ) ) (301) 497-5555 ) [email protected] -) ) Andrew H. Baldwin ) Department of Biological Resources Engineering ) University of Maryland j College Park, MD 20742 ) (301) 405-7855 ) ab 17 [email protected] ) ) ) Cairn C. Krafft ) USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center J Beltsville Lab, BARC-East 308 J ~ 10300 Baltimore Avenue ,/ ) ~ Beltsville, Maryland 20705 J (301) 497-5546 ) cairn [email protected] ) J Kelly Phyllaier Neff J Maryland Department of the Environment j Water Management Administration, Wetlands and Waterways Program J ) 1800 Washington Boulevard, j Baltimore, Maryland 21230 J (410) 537-4018 J [email protected] j j J 1 J J MaryM. Paul USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Beltsville Lab, BARC-East 308 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (301) 497-5725 mary [email protected] Kevin D. Brittingham Baltimore Co. Dept. of Environmental Protection And Natural Resources 401 Bosley Avenue Towson, Maryland 21204 (410) 887-3980 [email protected] Kristin Rusello Damage Assessment Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 (301) 713-3038 [email protected] Jeff S. Hatfield USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center 12100 Beech Forest Road Laurel, MD 20708 (301) 497-5725 Jeff [email protected] 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover (Kingman Marsh Area 1-1999-2004) Contributors .................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents ............................................................................... 3 Title Page (Kingman Marsh Area 2 - 1998, 2000-2004 ....................................6 Executive Summary ............................- ................................................. 7 Introduction ........................................................................................ 10 Study Background ................................................................................ 11 PART I - Vegetation and Associated Studies ............................................ 13 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 13 METHODS ....................................................................................... 14 Statistical Methods for Vegetation ......................................................... 15 RESULTS and DISCUSSION ................................................................ 16 1. Total vegetative cover ....................................................................... 15 2. Species richness .............................................................................. 19 2a. Shannon Index ............................................................................20 2b. Sorenson's Similarity Index ............................................................21 3. Elevations .....................................................................................21 4. Cover from planted versus unplanted species ............................................ .25 5. Cover from annuals and perennials ........................................................ 25 6. Cover from non-native species (exotic species) .......................................... 26 7. Sediment surface elevation dynamics ...................................................... 27 8. Hydro logger data ............................................................................28 9. Exclosures .................................................................................... 29 10. Biomass ....................................................................................... 29 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................. 30 REFERENCES ...................................................................................31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................... 34 List of Photographs 1. COVER: Kingman Area 1 series: 1999-2004 2. TITLE PAGE: Kingman Area 2 series: 1998, 2000-2004 ................................ 6 3. Benning Road Bridge1927 ......................................................................35 4. Composite image of Anacostia study wetlands 2003 ........................................ 36 5. Patuxent River Marsh study area .............................................................. 37 6. USGS/U. of Md. plots (aerial)- 2002 ........................................................ .38 7. Diagram of USGS/U. of Md. plots with elevations ........................................ .39 8. USGS/U. of Md. exclosure plots -horizontal view ........................................ .40 9. Anacostia Watershed Society exclosure displaying growth of protected wild rice ... .41 3 List of Maps 1. Chesapeake Bay area with Anacostia watershed ......................................... .42 2. Kingman Area 1 ............................................................................... 43 3. Kingman Area 2 ................................................................................44 4. Kenilworth Mass Fill Areas 1 and 2 ........................................................ .45 5. Reference wetlands: Dueling Creek and Patuxent River marshes ...................... 46 List of Tables 1. Repeated measures analysis of variance of vegetative parameters ..................... 47 2. Sorenson's Similarity Matrices ............................................................. .48 3. Sediment Elevation Changes: 2001 and 2004 ............................................. .49 List of Figures 1. Total vegetation cover of areas over time ................................................... 50 2. Dominant cover types ......................................................................... 51 3. Species richness over time ................................................................... 52 4. Shannon Index of diversity over time ....................................................... 53 5. Elevation change over time over time ...................................................... 54 6. Percent time inundated for each wetland area ............................................... 55. 7. Relationship of percent cover of Phragmites australis .. ................................... 56 8. Sector-based analysis of total cover vs. elevation ......................................... 57 9. Sector-based analysis of richness vs. elevation ............................................ 58 10. Cover contributed by planted species ...................................................... 59 11. Planted species cover compared to total vegetation cover .............................. 60 12. Cover by species planted and replanted at Kingman ..................................... 61 13. Cover by annuals over time ................................................................. 62 14. Cover by perennials over time .............................................................. 63 15. Cover by annuals at Patuxent over time ................................................... 64 16. Cover by exotics over time .................................................................. 65 17. Changes in elevation and accretion (deposition) at Kingman ... ,,, ..................... 66 18. Cumulative changes in elevation and accretion (deposition) at Kenilworth .......... 67 19. Average changes in elevation and accretion at Kingman and Kenilworth ........... 68 20. Water level readings for Dueling Creek ('02 vs. '03) ................................... 69 21. Biomass ( of living material) over time ..................................................... 70 Appendix 1 List of plant species at Kingman Marsh ....................................... 71 PART II - Soils ...................................................................................73 Introduction ........................................................................................ 73 Methods ............................................................................................ 67 Results .............................................................................................. 67 Discussion ......................................................................................... 68 References ......................................................................................... 68 4 List of Tables 1. Soil variables at study wetlands (2000) ................................................... 69 PART III - Seed Dispersal ..................................................................70 Abstract .......................................................................................... 70 Introduction ..................................................................................... 70 Methods ..........................................................................................71 Data Analyses .................................................................................. 74 Results ........................................................................................... 76 Discussion ....................................................................................... 77 References ...................................................................................... 78 List of Tables 1. Densities