CANADA-US MILITARY INTEROPERABILITY: AT WHAT COST SOVEREIGNTY? by Eric J. Lerhe Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2012 © Copyright by Eric J. Lerhe, 2012 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “CANADA-US MILITARY INTEROPERABILITY: AT WHAT COST SOVEREIGNTY?” by Eric J. Lerhe in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dated: August 9, 2012 External Examiner: ___________________________ Research Co-Supervisors: ___________________________ ___________________________ Examining Committee: ___________________________ ___________________________ Departmental Representative: __________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: August 9, 2012 AUTHOR: Eric J. Lerhe TITLE: CANADA-US MILITARY INTEROPERABILITY: AT WHAT COST SOVEREIGNTY? DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of Political Science DEGREE: PhD CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2012 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. ______________________________ Signature of Author iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ................................................................. xii GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................... xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. xviii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 CANADIAN INTEROPERABILITY POLICY 1938-2001 ....... 21 Introduction ...................................................................................... 21 1938-1951 ........................................................................................ 21 Canadian Interoperability Policy 1938-1951 ........................... 34 1951-1968 ........................................................................................ 39 Canadian Interoperability Policy 1951-1968 .......................... 48 1968-2001 ........................................................................................ 56 Canadian Interoperability Policy 1968-2001 .......................... 69 Summary ......................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 89 2001-2010 Interoperability Related Sovereignty Challenges ......... 89 iv Methodology ................................................................................... 93 Krasner .................................................................................... 96 Walt ......................................................................................... 98 Keohane and Nye .................................................................. 100 Middlemiss ............................................................................ 103 Middlemiss and Stairs ........................................................... 106 Williams ................................................................................ 108 Bow ....................................................................................... 111 McDonough .......................................................................... 122 Stein and Lang ...................................................................... 123 Definitions and Hypotheses ........................................................... 125 External Sovereignty ............................................................. 127 Internal Sovereignty .............................................................. 129 CHAPTER 4 THE RESPONSE TO 9/11 ........................................................ 136 Introduction ................................................................................... 136 Background ................................................................................... 138 The Initial Canadian Response ..................................................... 141 The US Planning Effort ................................................................ 143 The Canadian Planning Effort ...................................................... 148 v Evaluation and Findings ............................................................... 155 CHAPTER 5 REJECTION FROM ISAF 2001-2 ............................................ 158 Introduction ................................................................................... 158 Background ................................................................................... 159 Canada Rejected from ISAF ......................................................... 162 Kandahar as Alternate ................................................................... 169 Evaluation and Findings ............................................................... 171 CHAPTER 6 CANADIAN DETAINEE POLICY ......................................... 175 Introduction ................................................................................... 175 Detainee Background .................................................................... 177 A Canadian Policy Reversal? ....................................................... 193 Detainees Within the Geneva Convention .................................... 195 Canadian Compliance with the Geneva Convention .................... 203 US Government Pressure .............................................................. 214 Evaluation and Findings ............................................................... 222 CHAPTER 7 OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM ............................................ 226 Introduction ................................................................................... 226 Background ................................................................................... 226 The Operation Iraqi Freedom Controversy ................................... 233 vi Canadian Government Direction .................................................. 236 Planning for Iraq ........................................................................... 256 Planning for ISAF Kabul .............................................................. 267 Evaluation and Findings ............................................................... 275 CHAPTER 8 TASK FORCE 151 .................................................................... 282 Introduction .................................................................................... 282 TF 151 as “Trap” .......................................................................... 284 Task Force 151 Doing the “Impossible” ....................................... 291 Evaluation and Findings ................................................................ 301 CHAPTER 9 THE RETURN TO KANDAHAR 2005-6 ................................ 306 Introduction .................................................................................... 306 Retaliation ...................................................................................... 309 General Hillier ............................................................................... 323 Bureaucratic Delay ......................................................................... 325 Stature ............................................................................................ 330 NATO ............................................................................................ 336 Evaluation and Findings ................................................................ 355 NATO .................................................................................... 356 Retaliation .............................................................................. 359 vii Stature .................................................................................... 362 Bureaucratic Delay ................................................................. 363 General Hillier ....................................................................... 366 CHAPTER 10 REVIEW AND EVALUATION ............................................. 369 Introduction ................................................................................... 369 Review .......................................................................................... 369 Evaluation ..................................................................................... 377 CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION