PERFORMANCE-BASED EVALUATION OF CASSAVA STARCH AND MAKUBA MATRIX FOR THE STABILISATION OF COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BY ISMA’IL MUHAMMAD KHALIL DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA JUNE, 2017 PERFORMANCE-BASED EVALUATION OF CASSAVA STARCH AND MAKUBA MATRIX FOR THE STABILISATION OF COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKS BY Isma’il Muhammad KHALIL B. Sc BUILDING (UNI. JOS 1992), M. Sc Const. Tech (UNI. JOS 2005) (PhD/ENV-DESIGN/7836/2009-2010) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A PhD IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA JUNE, 2017 i Declaration I declare that the work in this Thesis entitled Performance-Based Evaluation of Cassava Starch and Makuba Matrix for the Stabilisation of Compressed Earth Brickshas been carried out by me in the Department of Building. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and in the list of references provided. No part of the Thesis was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other Institution. Isma’il Muhammad KHALIL Name of Student Signature Date ii Certification This ThesisentitledPERFORMANCE-BASED EVALUATION OF CASSAVA STARCH AND MAKUBA MATRIX FOR THE STABILISATION OF COMPRESSED EARTH BRICKSby Isma’il Muhammad KHALIL meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of PhDin Construction Technology of the Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Prof. I. K. Zubairu Chairman Supervisory Committee Signature Date Prof. O. G. Okoli Member Supervisory Committee Signature Date Prof. M. M. Garba Member Supervisory Committee Signature Date Dr. K. Dikko Head of Department Signature Date Prof. S. Z. Abubakar Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies Signature Date iii Dedication This Thesis is specifically dedicated to the following: My father, Mallam MuhammadKhalil Hadejia; My siblings, Aminatu, Halimatu and Abubakar iv Acknowledgment My profound gratitude goes to Almighty Allah (SWT) for His divine guidance and protection throughout my life. Alhamdulillah, wassaalatu wassaalaamu alan-Nabiyul Kareem. I also acknowledge, with appreciation, the constructive criticism, encouragement and guidance received from my supervisors. These are Prof. Ibrahim K. Zubairu, Prof.Obumneme Godwin Okoli and Prof. M. M. Garba during the preparation of this Thesis. I equally express appreciation to those who contributed and encouraged me to keep going especially my Head of Department Dr. Kado Dikko,the DVC AdministrationProf. Kabir Bala, PG Coordinator (Building) Dr. S. Muhammad, Faculty PG Seminar Coordinator Dr. J. J Maina,and My Seminar Chairpersons:Dr.A. D Amartey,Dr. A. D. Garkida, and Dr. D. D. Dahiru. My senior colleagues are not left out; Prof. I. Mbamali, Prof. I. H. Mshelgaru, Dr. M. D. Ahmed, Dr. D. W. Dadu. Then my friends and colleagues Engr. Dr. A. D. AbdulAzeez,Dr. M. Mas’ud, Dr. A. S. Shika, Dr. A. M Stanley, Idris I. Iliyasu,Prof. A. I. Tanko (BUK), Prof. S. U. Kunya (ATBU Bauchi), Samaila M. Mijinyawa (KASU) then, my mentor Prof. Fredrick Job (UNI. Jos). This work could not have found its footing without the efforts of my research assistants (too numerous to mention).Thenthe technical crew manning the concrete laboratory and the secretariat staff in the persons of Abdul-Azeez S. Abdullahi, S. R. Audi(Mai anguwa), A. J. Richifa,M. S. Aliyu, A. A. Mailafiya, Mr. S. Akanamhe, Mrs. P. Echeburu and the Librarians A. S. Lola and E. O. Paul. Others whose contributions towards the success of this programme would not be forgotten include Jamilu U. Hassan (KASROMA); Jibril Musa Wase, (INEC); Ibrahim Haruna (KRPC) S. U. Bello (Danlami) of the special squad, A. B. U security and Dr. Abubakar Gidan Zuma, Kongo. v Table of Contents Tittle Page………………………………………………………………………………..….i Declaration ............................................................................................................................. ii Certification .......................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x List of Plates ...................................................................................................................... xi List of Appendices ............................................................................................................ xii Abstract ................................................................................................................................ xv INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Justification for the Study ........................................................................................... 6 1.4. Aim and Objectives .................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1 Aim ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 9 1.5 Research Design ....................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Scope and Delimitation ............................................................................................ 11 1.6.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 11 1.6.2 Delimitation ....................................................................................................... 11 LITRATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 12 2.2 Housing Delivery ............................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Building Construction Technology ......................................................................... 13 2.4 Building Materials ................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Wall ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.1 Strength and Stability of Walls .......................................................................... 17 2.5.2 Resistance of Walls to Moisture Movements .................................................... 18 2.5.3 Insulation Properties of Walls ............................................................................ 18 2.5.4 Maintenance of Walls ........................................................................................ 19 2.5.5 Fire Safety of Walls ........................................................................................... 19 2.5.6 Security of Walls................................................................................................ 20 2.5.7 Aesthetic values of Walls................................................................................... 20 2.5.8 Walling Materials............................................................................................... 20 vi 2.6 Earth Construction..................................................................................................... 21 2.6.1 Adobe ................................................................................................................. 22 2.6.2 Compressed Earth Bricks ................................................................................... 23 2.6.3 Compressed Earth Bricks Technology............................................................... 25 2.6.4 Moisture Content of Compressed Earth Brick soil mix ..................................... 28 2.6.5 Innovations in Compressed Earth Brick ............................................................ 29 2.6.6 Earth Mix for Compressed Earth Brick ............................................................. 29 2.6.7 Compressed Stabilised Earth Bricks .................................................................. 29 2.6.8 Stabilisers for Compressed Earth Bricks ........................................................... 30 2.6.9 Advantages of CEBs/CSEBs ............................................................................