Index Symbols Lingo script, 46 A-law, 148, 152, 166 object, 47 compander, 232 tweening, 44 µ-law, 148, 152, 166, 435 Adobe Flash, 47 compander, 232 animation, 50 2D mesh, 375 symbol, 49 geometry coding, 376 window, 48 motion coding, 378 Adobe Flash Video, 619 object coding, 375 Adobe Photoshop, 41 2D object animation, 379 alpha channel, 41 3D model-based coding, 381 magic wand tool, 42 3D percept, 130 Adobe Premiere, 39 3D polygon mesh, 383 timeline window, 39 3D video and TV, 130 ADPCM (adaptive differential pulse code 3G, 582, 583, 589 modulation), 165, 175, 435–437 G3G (Global 3G), 583 Affine transform, 380 4G, 584, 589 Alias, 142–144 Amazon web services (AWS), 14, 649, 657, A 659 AC (Alternate Current), 236 Amazon EBS, 652 Access network, 486, 489, 494, 564 Amazon EC2, 647, 650, 660 Access point (AP), 576, 586–588, 608 Amazon machine image (AMI), 651 Access time, 545 Amazon S3, 645, 647, 649, 660 Active pixel, 118 AWS region, 649, 651 Active video line, 118 Cloudfront, 657 AD (analog-to-digital) converter, 149, 175 AMPS (advanced mobile phone system), 577 Adaptive compression algorithms, 196 Anaglyph 3D, 132 Adaptive Huffman coding, 196 Analog display interface, 126 Adobe Director, 42 Analog video, 115 3D Sprite, 47 Animation, 18 animation, 44 Autodesk 3ds Max, 19 control, 44 Autodesk Maya, 19 Imaging Lingo, 43 Autodesk Softimage, 19 Lingo, 43 DirectX, 18 Z.-N. Li et al., Fundamentals of Multimedia, 715 Texts in Computer Science, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-05290-8, © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 716 Index Java3D, 18 Bi-level image compression standards, also see OpenGL, 18 JBIG, 309 Anti-aliasing, 143 Bilinear interpolation, 346, 355 filter, 143 Binary tree, 190 APC (adaptive predictive coding), 176 Bitmap, 58 Application-layer multicast, 506, 553 Bitplane, 59 end-system multicast (ESM), 555 Bitrate, 151, 195, 225, 267, 270, 317, 325, 332, multi-tree overlay, 556 430, 507, 509, 551, 590 single tree overlay, 555, 556 Block codes, 594 Arithmetic coding, 205, 372 Block-based coding, 359, 363 adaptive arithmetic coding, 215, 216 Blu-ray, 14 basic algorithm, 206 Bluetooth, 589 binary arithmetic coding, 214, 413, 415 BMP (bitmap), 75 integer implementation, 214 Broadcast, 503, 550 scaling and incremental coding, 210 Buffer management, 514 tag, 208, 210 peak bitrate, 515 Aspect ratio, 118, 123, 125 prefetch buffer, 515 ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 496, 511 ATV (advanced TV), 348 C Audio compression standard C-BIRD, 680 G.711, 437, 523 search by color, 680, 682 G.721, 436 search by illumination invariance, 685 G.722, 523 search by object model, 686 G.723, 436 search by texture, 683 G.723.1, 447, 449 CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmetic G.726, 436, 437 coding), 396, 419 G.727, 436 Cable modem, 486, 492 G.728, 436, 450 Cable TV network, 489, 492 G.729, 436, 447, 450 CAE (context-based arithmetic encoding), 370 Audio filtering, 150 Camera system, 85 CAVLC (context-adaptive variable length Autostereoscopic display device, 135 coding), 396 lenticular lens, 135 CBIR (content-based image retrieval), 675, parallax barrier, 135 680, 703 AVC (advanced video coding, also see 3D shapes and objects, 677 H.264/AVC), 395 early CBIR systems, 678 AVCHD (advanced video coding high histogram intersection, 678 definition), 18 human activity, 700, 703 AVI (audio video interleave), 39 key technologies, 692 quality-aware, 706 B quantifying search results, 688 BAB (binary alpha block), 370 video retrieval, 679, 697 Bag of words (BoW), 694 CCIR (consultative committee for international Band-limited signal, 143 radio), 122 Band-limiting filter, 151 CCITT (international telegraph and telephone Band-pass filter, 151, 158, 166 consultative committee), 168, 325 Bandwidth, 151, 166, 489, 512, 531, 566, 577, CDMA (code division multiple access), 578, 618, 628, 645, 652, 662, 670 609 Base station (BS), 576, 579, 585, 608 cdma2000, 583 BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) codes, WCDMA (wideband CDMA), 582, 609 595 CELP (code excited linear prediction), 444 Index 717 adaptive codebook, 445 spectra sensitivity of the eye, 83 LSF (line spectrum frequency), 448 visible light, 82 LSP (line spectrum pair), 447 Color-matching function, 88, 89 LTP (long time prediction), 445 Commission internationale de L’eclairage stochastic codebook, 448 (CIE), 89 STP (short-time prediction), 445 Compression Checksum, 498, 500, 591 lossless, 62, 74, 186 Chroma subsampling, 122, 407, 417, 419 lossy, 62, 74, 186, 282 Chromaticity, 90 ratio, 74, 186 diagram, 89 speech, 166 Chrominance, 106 Compressor function, 231 CIF (common intermediate format), 123 Cones, 83 Circuit switching, 495 Constant bit rate (CBR), 501, 515, 546 Client/server, 531, 532, 540, 567 Content delivery network (CDN), also see Cloud computing, 645 content distribution network (CDN), cloud gaming, 667 539 computation offloading, 661 Content distribution network (CDN), 506, 539, infrastructure as a service (IaaS), 647 541, 542, 565, 629, 657 platform as a service (PaaS), 648 Akamai, 506, 542, 660 private cloud, 647 Context modeling, 305 public cloud, 647 Continuous Fourier Transform (CFT), 247 software as a service(SaaS), 648 Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT), 252, Cloud gaming, 665 256 Gaikai, 15, 668 Convolutional codes, 596 Onlive, 668 Coordinated live streaming and storage sharing Clustering, 67 (COOLS), 638 CMY, 102 CPU (central processing unit), 651, 652, 661, CMYK, 103 662, 665 Codec, 186, 477 CRC (cyclic redundancy check), 488, 592 Coder mapping, 165 CRT (cathode ray tube), 86, 116 Codeword, 186 CSS (cascading style sheets), 11 Coding efficiency, 430 Color D camera-dependent, 100 DA (digital-to-analog) converter, 149 cycling, 65 Datagram, 498 density, 682 DB (decibel), 144 histogram, 64, 680 DC (Direct Current), 236 HSV, 101 Decoder mapping, 165 layout, 682 Deinterlacing, 116 lookup table (LUT), 67 Delaunay mesh, 377 monitor specification, 93 Dictionary-based coding, 200 multi-ink printers, 104 Difference of Gaussian (DOG), 693 multisensor cameras, 100 Differential coding, 168, 218 palette, 65 Differentiated service (DiffServ), 513 palette animation, 65 diffServ code (DS), 513, 514 picker, 65 per-hop behavior (PHB), 513, 514 primaries, 88 Digital audio, 16 sRGB, 101 Adobe Audition, 16 subcarrier, 119 coding of, 165 Color science, 81 quantization and transmission, 164 light and spectra, 81 Sound Forge, 16 718 Index Digital display interface, 128 E Digital library, 185 EBCOT (Embedded block coding with Digital subscriber line (DSL), 491 optimized truncation), 270, 295, ADSL (asymmetrical DSL), 486, 491, 493, 298, 301, 303 564 EDTV (enhanced definition TV), 126 Digitization of sound, 139 End-to-end argument, 503 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), 234, 236, Entropy, 186, 187 241 coding, 187, 189 1D, 235, 236 Epidemic model, 634 2D, 234, 235, 281 Error concealment, 500, 603 2D basis function, 244 Error detection, 590 2D matrix implementation, 245 Error-resilient coding, 597 2D separable basis, 244 Error-resilient entropy coding (EREC), 600 basis function, 236, 242 Ethernet, 488 comparison to DFT, 247 CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access DCT-matrix, 246, 400, 424 with collision detection), 489 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), 247 Euler’s formula, 247 Discrete Sine Transform (DST), 419, 425 Excited purity, 93 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), 252, 259 EXIF (exchangeable image file), 76 Disparity, 131 Exp-Golomb code, 215, 409, 410, 413 gradient, 136 Expander function, 232 manipulation, 136 mapping, 136 Extended Huffman coding, 194 range, 136 EZW (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet), 270–273 sensitivity, 136 velocity, 136 F Dispersion, 82 F-score, 711 Distortion measure, 225 Facebook, 14, 617, 619 MSE (Mean Square Error), 226 Fax standards PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio), 226 G3, 309 SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), 226 G4, 309 Dithering, 59, 66 FDMA (frequency division multiple access), dither matrix, 60 577, 578, 580 ordered dither, 61 Firewall, 486, 502, 503 DM (delta modulation), 174 First person shooter (FPS) game, 666 adaptive, 175 FM (frequency modulation), 152, 154 uniform, 175 Forward error correction (FEC), 593 DMT (discrete multi-tone), 491 Fourier transform, 251 Domain name system (DNS), 496 Frame buffer, 59, 100 DPCM (differential pulse code modulation), 165, 168, 171, 289 Frame-based coding, 359, 363 Dropbox, 645 Free rider, 564 DV video (digital video), 122 Frequency, 236 DVB (digital video broadcasting), 544 frequency response, 236, 244 DVB-MHP (multimedia home platform), frequency spectrum, 236 544 spatial frequency, 236, 244 DVD, 9, 348, 349, 475, 479, 658 Frequency hopping (FH), 589 Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP FTTH (fiber-to-the-home), 493 (DASH), 480, 565, 660 FTTN (fiber-to-the-neighborhood), 493 media presentation description (MPD), 565 FTTN (fiber-to-the-node), 493 Dynamic range, 168 Fundamental frequency, 140 Index 719 G H.263+, 336 Gamma correction, 86, 96, 100 H.263++, 336 Gamut, 94 H.264, 395, 620, 668 printer, 103 CABAC, 409, 413 Gaussian distribution, 277 CAVLC, 409, 411 Generalized Markup language (GML), 10 entropy coding, 409 GIF (graphics interchange format), 69 group of pictures (GOP), 399 color map, 71 hierarchical prediction structure, 399 GIF87, 72 in-loop deblocking filtering, 407, 408 GIF89, 72 integer transform, 401 interlacing, 72 intra coding, 404 screen descriptor, 69 intra spatial prediction, 404 GIF(graphics interchange format) motion compensation, 396 animation, 19 multiple reference frame, 399 Global motion compensation, 374 MVC (multiview video coding), 417 Gossip algorithm, 558, 560 profiles, 415 GPRS (general packet radio service), 580 baseline profile, 415 GPS