The Old Stand: A Historic Resource Study of the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770 - 1840 by Jennifer A. Lucido A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Cultural Resources Management Adrian Praetzellis, Ph.D., Chair Mary Halavais, Ph.D. Rube n Mendoza, Ph.D. Date Copyright © 2015 Jennifer A. Lucido 11 Authorization for Reproduction of Master's Thesis I grant pennission for the print or digital reproduction of this thesis in its entirety, without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorb the cost and provide proper acknowledgment of authorship. DATE: Ybdks. Street Address City, State, Zip iii The Old Stand: A Historic Resource Study of the Royal Presidio of Monterey, 1770 - 1840 Thesis by Jennifer A. Lucido ABSTRACT Purpose of the Study: The Royal Presidio of Monterey functioned as the center of cultural, political, and economic activities in California during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. There has been very little published about the Presidio of Monterey in comparison to the other three Presidios and the 21 California missions despite this significance. The purpose of this study is to produce a Historic Resource Study of the Presidio centered on the period from 1770 to 1840. The study provides a detailed historical and archaeological overview of the Presidio in order to inform future legal compliance and preservation efforts. This thesis also contributes to scholarship on the Presidio's formation as a frontier settlement, examining both the built environment and sociocultural landscape. Procedure: Archival data was collected using historical research methods and then cross-compared with archaeological investigations in order to describe and reconstruct the evolution of the Presidio quadrangle through time. In addition, census and mission records and other primary sources were examined in order to identify and interpret processes of ethnogenesis among the soldiers and settlers at the Presidio of Monterey. Findings: Two primary processes contributed to the formation of the Presidio. First, the Presidio quadrangle underwent physical processes, including five major phases of construction and modification due to inconsistent maintenance, fire and weather damage, foreign attack, and changing leadership. Second, the soldiers and settlers of the Presidio experienced changes to their ascribed identities under the sistema de castas through processes of ethnogenesis and transitioned to gente de razon, a more unified identity. Conclusions: The review of documentary and archaeological records demonstrates that the colonial landscape of the Presidio was formed through a diverse array of physical and cultural processes during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These processes included various physical developments and modifications to the environment as well as significant changes in colonial social and ethnic structures. By examining how space is created and reconfigured with that of sociocultural processes, archaeologists can better understand the ways in which colonial subjects perceived and shaped their experiences within the landscape. Chair: Signature MA Program: Cultural Resources Management IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank the many individuals who supported me throughout my graduate career at Sonoma State University. To my family and friends for their love, encouragement, and understanding. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my thesis committee. To my thesis chair, Adrian Praetzellis, for your dedication to providing detailed comments and constructive criticism that greatly improved this thesis, but also for consistently challenging me. To Mary Halavais, for sharing your enthusiasm in my research and encouraging me to present my findings at the Northwest Hispanists Working Group. To Ruben Mendoza, a dear friend and colleague, for compelling me to reexamine a history of California I thought that I had buried over a decade ago in the schoolyard at Junipero Serra School. I thank the 2014 Student Travel Fund offered by the School of Social Sciences at Sonoma State University for the travel award and the experience it afforded me. I was able to use the funding for my thesis research and attended the California Mission Studies Association (CMSA) 31st annual conference at Mission San Antonio de Padua in Jolon, California. I am most gracious to Father Carl Faria, Archivist of the Diocese of Monterey for his time and support, and for providing me with the invaluable opportunity to access original Presidio of Monterey documents. I would also like to thank Tina Foss, organizer of the annual California Mission Curators and Directors Conference for recognizing my budding scholarship and honoring me with the 2014 Father Fermin Francisco de Lasuen Award. I must also thank Los Californianos, the descendants of the early Hispanic settlers of Alta California. I hope that my research helps connect Los Californianos with their ancestors and history in ways not previously considered. And finally, I would like to acknowledge my cohort, "The Wolf Pack," for their never­ ending support, collegiality, and unwavering friendship throughout this journey. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 El Real Presidio de San Carlos de Monterey ............................................................................. 2 Spanish Colonial Studies of California .................................................................................... 4 Study Area Location and Description ...................................................................................... 5 Thesis Overview ......................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ................................................... 11 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 11 Historic Landscapes Studies: Defining Space and Land Use ............................................... 12 Rethinking Colonial Landscapes ........................................................................................... 18 Frontier of Ethnogenesis and Changing Identities ............................................................... 28 Ethnogenesis at the Royal Presidio of San Francisco: A Comparative Case Study ......... 32 The Colonial Landscape at the Presidio of Monterey ........................................................... 35 Chapter 3. Regulatory Background ........................................................................................... 36 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 36 National Historic Preservation Act and the Presidio ............................................................ 37 California Environmental Quality Act, Local Regulations, and the Presidio .................... 38 City of Monterey Historic Zoning Ordinance ................................................................... 40 Politics of Preservation at the Royal Presidio Chapel ...................................................... 42 Chapter 4. Prehistoric, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistoric Context ........................................ 44 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 44 Prehistory of Monterey County ............................................................................................. 45 Esselen and Rumsen of the Monterey Peninsula ............................................................. 46 The Royal Presidio of Monterey at Contact (1769-1791) ..................................................... 54 Prehistoric Cultural Resources Within Study Area ............................................................ 61 Chapter 5. Historic Context -The Royal Presidio of Monterey ............................................. 66 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 66 The Spanish Discovery of the Monterey Bay (1542-1768) ................................................... 66 Arrival of Father Junipero Serra and the Founding of the Presidio ................................... 69 From "Frontier" to Spanish Capital: Forming the Presidial Landscape (1770-1826) ...... 71 Military Regulations and the Presidio .............................................................................. 72 Architectural History of the Main Quadrangle ................................................................ 74 VI Evolution of the Royal Presidio Chapels .......................................................................... 95 Military Operation on the Monterey Bay ........................................................................ 101 Ecological Impacts of the Presidio ................................................................................. 107 Ethnogenesis in Alta California ........................................................................................... 110 A Landscape for New Beginnings ................................................................................