Social Institutions DSOC102 Edited by Mr. Ahrar Ahmad Lone Dr. Sukanya Das SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS Edited By: Ahrar Ahmad Lone and Dr Sukanya Das Printed by LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD. 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 for Lovely Professional University Phagwara SYLLABUS Social Institutions Objectives • To introduce the students to the important social institutions. • To familiarize the students with the general structure and function of major social institutions. Sr. No. TOPICS 1 Economic & Society: Man, nature and social production, Economic system of simple and Complex Societies–barter and ceremonial exchange 2 Economic & Society (Part-2): Market economy and control economy, Jajmani system 3 Family and Marriage: Different forms of family and marriage 4 Family and Marriage (Part-2):Changes in family pattern worldwide, Alternatives to family; Divorce and Separation 5 Kinship : Importance of Kinship 6 Politics in Society: Sociological Theories of Power and Bureaucracy 7 Politics in Society (Part-2): Political Parties and Pressure Groups, Nation State and Citizen ship, Democracy 8 Religion: Types of religious practices: Animism, monism, Pluralism, Sects, Cults 9 Religion in Modern Society: Religion and Science and Secularization 10 Religious revivalism and fundamentalism CONTENT Unit 1: Concept of Human 1 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Jyoti, Lovely Professional University Unit 2: Economical System 13 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 3: Modern Economic System 21 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Ripudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 4: Jajmani System 31 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 5: Family and Marriage 42 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 6: Changes in Forms of Family at World Level 61 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 7: Option of Family: Divorce and Separation 74 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 8: Kinship System 87 Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Amandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 9: Sociological Theory of Authority 97 Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University Jyoti, Lovely Professional University Unit 10: Bureaucracy 108 Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University Kirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 11: Political Parties and Pressure Groups 119 Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University Kirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 12: Nation-State, Citizenship and Democracy 133 Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University Kirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University Unit 13: Types of Religious Practices: Animatism, Manaism, Pluralism, Sects, 150 Cults Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Unit 14: Religion in Modern Society 158 Sukanya Das, Lovely Professional University Manu Sharma, Lovely Professional University Rosy Hastir, Lovely Professional University Jyoti, Lovely Professional University Unit-1: Concept of Human Unit-1: Concept of Human Notes Contents Objectives Introduction 1.1 Concept of Man in Social Sciences 1.2 Concept of Man in Sociology 1.3 Social Production 1.4 General Meaning of society 1.5 Meaning of Society in Sociology 1.6 Concept of Man and Sociological Theories and Approaches 1.7 Concept of Man in Positivistic Sociological Theory. 1.8 Concept of Man in Functional Society 1.9 Concept of Man in Dialectical and Interpretative Sociology 1.10 Concept of Man in Critical and Phenomenological Sociology 1.11 Concept of Man in Indian Ideology 1.12 Summary 1.13 Keywords 1.14 Review Questions 1.15 Further Readings Objectives After studying this unit students will be able to: • Understand the concept of man in social science. • Describe the concept of man in sociology. • Interpret the sociology theories of concept of man. • Describe the concept of man in Indian ideology. Introduction Man is unique creature among all living thing on the earth. One way he has tried to know, with his knowledge, the mysteries of universe, on the other hand man himself has been a matter of concern for a man. The Greek thinkers thought a lot on the nature of man and society. They tried to human the basic nature of man – is it good or bad, responsible or selfish from the social point of view. Everything which exist in human, how much is by birth or whatever is the result of environment. What are the LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1 Social Institutions Notes personal characteristics of human personality and which are those general characteristics, that are found only in man and not in other creatures etc.. It is thought under the concept of man that what is the physical and mental structure of man? What is his nature? What is the relation between man, society and culture. Is a man legacy of society or society a legacy of man? etc. The concept of human has been visualized in the context of different views in scripture, philosophy, natural science and social sciences. We will describe here various attitudes. Religious and spiritual point of view: It has been thought, on the relations of man and God, from the religious point of view. Religion considers the ultimate aim of human life- to achieve ‘ Moksha while living religiously. There are various religions in the world. The paths and means to see God have been told differently in all religions, but the aim and objectives of all is same. Religion maturates a person to contact morally. Religion works to control over the man and society by showing fear of divine power. Religion motivates man to achieve these powers by meditation, penance, yoga, work and worship etc. In the religion,man has been told to leave the worldly things, and to be free from the circle of life and death for one’s betterment. Philosophical and Logical point view: Man, from the philosophical point of view, has been considered that he is super as compared with other creatures that he has got logic power. On the basic of logic, he can observe the goods, bad qualities of a thing and can reorganize the society. Morality has also got a place in the philosophy. Goodness and evil can be seen on the basic of logic and morality both. Morality is related to time, space and society. Even though there are some universal moral values, that are prevailing in all procreates and that are expected to be followed by man. Natural science point of view- Man, in the natural sciences, is viewed differently Biology students on human anatomy, blood circulation, heart, brain and structure of other parts and their working system etc. in the medical sciences, human diseases, their games, treatments and recover are discussed. 1.1 Concept of Man in Social Sciences In the social sciences too, it is discussed about man from their awn point of view. Psychology considers man as a affected creature by biological drives. Psycho condition, basic instincts, feelings, emotions, motives, psycho habits and drives etc., are studied in human sciences. It also studies various aspects of conscious, unconscious and sub conscious parts of human mind and personality making too. the principle of Biological drives considers man as antisocial element. It considers man as a nature can anytime express antisocial behavior. The economical point of view looks man as an economic creature. It is subject of economics, to view and study the role of a man in production, consuming, exchange and distribution. It considers, money in human life as main object. How do prosperity and poverty affect man, is also studied here. The political science studies man on the basic of ruling, power and state etc., it also discusses relations between man and state. History considers man as the result of part and studies his social emerging, primitive life, society and culture. Human science studies all the aspects of human physical emerging his society, culture, the role of culture in personality developing, his primitive life, economy, political, life, art language, species, religion etc. 1.2 Concept of Man in Sociology sociologists considers man a social animal instead of a lave of basic instincts or illogical creature. They consider him as such a creation whose basic instincts can be timed and changed by socialization process. Man presents himself in such a way that he fulfils the expectations of the society. Man, by socialization, acts according to them, learning social norms. The human sociological concept considers that in the society, crimes, child crimes, suicides and deviations are not den to basic instincts of man but are the result of social environment and social structure. The sociologists considers that, to change antisocial man, first of all we will have to change his those social conditions which make him 2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Unit-1: Concept of Human a criminal and inspire him to do anti social activities. They believe that the selfish and anti-social Notes instincts of man can be controlled and they can be turned in the direction of human welfare. They also believe that social- life provides man more freedom for development and self expression instead of his unsocial nature. What is a man or thinking about the Concept of man in sociology, keeps on changing with the development of sociology. Initially when sociology was close to philosophy, the concept of man was viewed in the philosophical and moral sense. Sociologist like when velar can’t and due him tried to liberate the sociology from the effects of philosophy and tried to bring close to science and kept in the category of science, the scientific temperament was development. In the sociology, the difference in thought in found about relation between man and society, in the historical journey from birth till late. In the sociology, the concept of man has been seen from two view points- (i) historical and (ii) theoretical. In the historical context it has been tried to see that in the changing social scenario, what sociology has contributed in understanding the human problems.