The Speaker's Baton The Invention of a Tradition by Charles Robert The Speaker's Baton is a short green stick surmounted by a lion in silver with its right forepaw resting on a crown adorned with maple leafs and twelve rubies. The ba- 2002 CanLIIDocs 230 ton first appeared in the personal coat of arms granted to John Fraser as Speaker of the House of Commons by the Chief Herald for Canada in December 1992. In an article published in the winter 2001-02 issue of this Review Bruce Hicks contended that the baton should be recognized as a symbol of the Speaker of the House. This rejoinder takes issue with many of the arguments Mr. Hicks used in coming to that conclusion. peaker Fraser was so taken with the design that he ceremonies of state and appointing the Officers of Arms Shad a silversmith craft a baton which he donated to that constitute the College of Heralds. Since the time of the office of the Speaker of the House of Commons the Duke of Wellington, field marshals in the British as a legacy gift marking the 125th anniversary of army have also had batons to designate their superior Confederation. The intention of Mr. Fraser was to have rank. In adopting this custom in 1813, Mr. Hicks notes, future Speakers carry the baton in the parade that the British were imitating the military traditions of precedes each sitting of the House of Commons and, France, the German states and other European nations during the sitting, to place it before the Speaker's Chair. that have used batons for centuries. This has yet to happen. Neither of the two Speakers who From these preliminary observations, Mr. Hicks pro- have succeeded Mr. Fraser, Speaker Parent and Speaker ceeds to state "it is hardly surprising given its historic Milliken, have ever carried the baton publicly. roots and ancient traditions that batons of office are a At the conclusion of his short essay, Mr. Hicks cites a large part of the opening of Parliament ceremony at draft press release from Mr. Fraser assessing the impor- Westminster." When the Queen opens Parliament with tance of the baton. According to the press release, which a Speech from the Throne, Mr. Hicks writes, she is es- was never issued, the baton is "a fully Canadian creation, corted in a state procession by the Earl Marshal and other this new symbol of office is part of a centuries old tradi- court officiais who carry various batons, wands and tion in Parliamentary governments." How this "new staves that are associated with their offices. symbol" is supposed to fit into the long history of parlia- Satisfied that batons are a feature of British parliamen- mentary tradition is the principal theme of Mr. Hicks' ar- tary tradition, Mr. Hicks next tries to link batons to the ticle. First, Mr. Hicks explains that the baton is a history of Canada. He does this by reference to the ca- centuries-old symbol of rank and honour. He notes that reers of two soldiers, one French, the other British, who the baton dates back to ancient times and that in England obtained high military rank. The first is François Gaston, it has been associated with the office of the Earl Marshal duc de Lévis, who became a maréchal de France some years sine the fourteenth century. The title of Earl Marshal still after his return to Paris following the French withdrawal exists and this court official is now responsible for regal from New France at the conclusion of the Seven Years War in 1763. The second is Earl Alexander of Tunis, who obtained the rank of field marshal during the Second World War, before becoming Canada's last British Gov- Charles Robert is Principal Clerk, Procedure, of the Senate. The ernor General in 1946. author acknowledges the assistance of Frank Kirkwood of the Library of Parliament in the preparation of this article. AUTUMN 2002 / CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW 25 Mr. Hicks then recounts briefly the creation of the Ca- affair. Both the Earl Marshal and the Lord Great Cham- nadian authority for heraldry and how the Chief Herald berlain are hereditary office holders and, as peers of the of Canada, exercising his delegated power of the armo- realm, they are and remain members of the House of rial prerogative, determined the design for the arms of Lords for the lime being, despite the elimination of most Speaker Fraser, including especially the baton featured hereditary peers in the recent reforms. It should also be in the crest. Citing a letter from the Chief Herald, Mr. noted that this great event of state takes place principally Hicks describes the symbolic meaning of the elements of in the House of Lords, not the House of Commons. What- the baton. The lion atop the baton, for example, repre- ever parliamentary associations there are through these sents the majesty of Parliament and the coronet of maple royal court officiais, they are linked to the Upper House leaves and jewels symbolizes the people of Canada's exclusively, and not at all to the House of Commons. provinces and territories. In addition, this baton, accord- The attempt to establish historic associations of the ba- ing Mr. Hicks, needs to be distinguished from the ton with Canada based on the careers and achievements mace, long recognized to be the symbol of the authority of two military heroes cannot be taken seriously. The fact of the House of Commons. For Mr. Hicks, the baton "is an that a French officer who eventually became a maréchal acknowledgement of the inherent trust the Crown places spent some years in New France or that a British field in the Speaker of the House and in the loyalty and dignity marshal served as Govemor General in the twilight of his 2002 CanLIIDocs 230 of the Commons." Furthermore "the baton is a symbol career does not firmly root the baton in this country. of authority, an instrument of command, ... and an Overlooked in Mr. Hicks' search to associate the baton historic symbol of honour for the highest ranking officer. with Canada is the fact that the Duke of Connaught, the The baton is a gift from the Queen ... The Queen gave the third son of Queen Victoria, who served as Govemor baton to the Speaker and gives the mace to the Ser- General between 1911 and 1916, was also a field marshal, geant-at-Arms. These symbols of office are rooted in the receiving that rank in 1902. More curious still, Mr. Hicks symbols of office from legislatures past and present." fails to mention that another Govemor General, Viscount Despite the obvious sincerity and enthusiasm with Byng of Vimy, also obtained a field marshal's baton in which Mr. Hicks presents his case, his exposition is sim- 1932. However, these two omissions make very little dif- ply not convincing. His effort to connect the baton to par- ference. As Mr. Hicks himself points out, Canada has liamentary tradition is weak. So too is his attempt to link never possessed an army large enough to justify having the baton to Canada's history. More important, his daim an officer at the level of a field marshal. The baton is sim- that the Speaker's baton is a gift of the Queen is com- ply not a genuine part of Canada's military heritage. pletely unfounded. Perhaps his most grievous error, Even if it were, what has Canada's military history to do however, is his idea that the baton, as a symbol of com- with Parliament and the role played by the Speaker of the mand and superior rank, should be associated with the House of Commons? office of the Speaker. This demonstrates a profound mis- Seeking to endow the Speaker's baton with regal im- understanding of the role and function of the Speaker in portance or significance, Mr. Hicks insists on stating the House of Commons. The Speaker is not in any senne a three times that this baton is a gift of the Queen. This is military commander or an official of the Queen's Court. simply not true. As he himself admits, it was Speaker Rather, the Speaker is first and foremost a Member of the Fraser who had the baton made based on a design incor- House of Commons, the guardian of its rights and privi- porated into the crest of his coat of arms. The Queen did leges and its principal mouthpiece. Whatever authority not give her approval of the baton's manufacture, nor did the Speaker possesses, it is exercised as the servant of the Her Majesty bestow it on Canadian Speakers as a symbol House of Commons, not its master. The baton, as a scep- of office. The fact that the Chief Herald is authorized to ter or rod of office, as Mr. Hicks conceives it, is not in any design coats of arms for Canadians does not involve the way an appropriate symbol for the Speaker of the House Queen in any personal way. To suggest otherwise, as Mr. of Commons in Canada. Hicks does, confuses an exercise of the Queen's dele- In the United Kingdom, the opening of Parliament and gated powers with a personal act of the Queen. It is its animal sessions is a great occasion of state. For gran- equivalent to suggesting that all the laws of this country deur, few other spectacles match it. The Queen, escorted and all decisions of its courts are made by the Queen her- in procession by high-ranking members of her Court, is self because the laws are enacted in Her Majesty's name the centrepiece of the ceremony.