BIOLOGY AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PAPAYA MEALYBUG, PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS MARINA AFROZE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY DHAKA-1207 JUNE, 2018 BIOLOGY AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PAPAYA MEALYBUG, PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS BY MARINA AFROZE Reg. No.:12-04963 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN ENTOMOLOY SEMESTER: JANUARY - JUNE, 2018 APPROVED BY: .…………………………… ..........…………….…………… Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Latif Dr. Mst. Nur Mohal Akhter Banu Supervisor Associate Professor Department of Entomology Co-supervisor SAU, Dhaka Department of Entomology SAU, Dhaka ............................................... Prof. Dr. S. M. Mizanur Rahman Chairman Examination Committee DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 Ref. No. : Date : CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “BIOLOGY AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PAPAYA MEALYBUG, PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS” submitted to the Department of Entomology, Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENTOMOLOGY, embodies the result of a piece of bona fide research work carried out by Marina Afroze, Registration No. 12-04963 under my supervision and guidance. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. I further certify that any help or source of information, received during the course of this investigation has been duly acknowledged. Dated: June, 2018 Dhaka, Bangladesh Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Latif Department of Entomoloy Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 Supervisor Tel. 9144270-9 Ext.-309, e-mail: [email protected] Dedicated To My Beloved Parents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author deems it a much privilege to express her enormous sense of gratitude to the almighty Allah (Swt.) for his ever ending blessings for the successful completion of the research work. The author feels proud to express her deep sense of gratitude, sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to her supervisor Prof. Dr. Md. Abdul Latif, Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, for his continuous guidance, cooperation, constructive criticism and helpful suggestions, valuable opinion in carrying out the research work and preparation of this thesis, without his intense co-operation this work would not have been possible. The author feels proud to express her deepest respect; sincere appreciation and immense indebtedness to her co-supervisor Dr. Mst. Nur Mohal Akhter Banu, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, SAU, Dhaka, for her scholastic and continuous guidance during the entire period of course, research work and preparation of this thesis. The author expresses her sincere respect to Chairman, Prof. Dr. S.M. Mizanur Rahman, Department of Entomology, SAU, Dhaka, for valuable suggestions and cooperation during the study period and also expresses her heartfelt thanks to all the teachers of the Department of Entomology, SAU, for their valuable teaching, suggestions and encouragement during the period of the study. She is grateful to all those people who made a contribution to this research work although it is not possible to mention all by their names. She would like to express her last but not least profound and grateful gratitude to her beloved parents, younger brother, friends and all of his relatives for their inspiration, blessing and encouragement that opened the gate of his higher studies in his life. The Author i BIOLOGY AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PAPAYA MEALYBUG, PARACOCCUS MARGINATUS ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to study the biology and damage assessment of papaya mealybug. Biology of papaya mealybug studied in the laboratory of the department of Entomology and damage assessment was conducted in the farm, Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 during June, 2017 to August, 2018. In damage assessment study, T1 is covered with fine net and sprayed with imidacloprid, at 15 days interval to avoid mealybug infestation and T2 was infested by mealybug. The adult female laid 97-150 eggs with an average 122.8. The ovipositional period and incubation period was 6.0 ± 1.22 days and 5.8 ±1.09 days respectively. The female has three instars and male has four instars nymphs. At 1st instar male and female could not be distinguished. The average duration, length and breadth of 1st instar nymph were 4.8± 0.83 days, 0.41± 0.08 mm, and 0.25 ± 0.03 mm. The average duration of 2nd, 3rd instar female nymph and adult female was 4.2±0.83 mm, 3.4±0.54 mm and 10± 2 days respectively. The average length of 2nd, 3rd female nymph and adult female was 0.69± 0.03 mm, 1±0.14 mm and 1.94±0.27 mm respectively. The average breadth of 2nd, 3rd female nymph and adult female was 0.44±0.02 mm, 0.72±0.05 mm and 1.38 ±0.05 mm respectively. The average duration of 2nd, 3rd instar, pupa and adult male was 3.6± 0.54 days, 2.8 ± 0.83 days, 3.6 ±0.54 days and 2.4 ±.54 days respectively. The average length of 2nd, 3rd instar, pupa and adult male was 0.70±0.06 mm, 0.85±0.02 mm, 0.94±0.04 mm and 0.98 ±0.03 mm respectively. The average breadth of 2nd, 3rd instar, 4th instar and adult male was 0.38 ±0.04 mm, 0.41 ±.02 mm, 0.26 ±0.03 mm, and 0.26±0.01 mm respectively. Mealybug infestation reduced plant height (34.35%), number of leaves per plant (86.08%), petiole length (53.31%), number of flowers per plant (86.23%), number of fruits per plant (89.43%), individual fruit weight (88.01%) as well as total fruit yield per plant (98%). ii CONTENTS SL.NO. TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ABSTRACT ii CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF PLATES x-xi LIST OF APPENDICES xii LIST OF ACRONYMS xiii-xiv I INTRODUCTION 01-03 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 04-29 2.1 Taxonomy 04 2.2 Origin & Distribution 04-06 2.3 Host range 06-10 2.4 Nature of Damage 10 2.5 Damage Assessment 11 2.6 Biology 12-16 2.7 Morphology 17-26 2.7.1 First instar gender not determined 17-18 2.7.2 Second instar female 18 2.7.3 Second instar male 19 iii SL.NO. TITLE PAGE 2.7.4 Third instar female 20 2.7.5 Third instar male 21 2.7.6 Fourth instant male (Pupa) 22 2.7.7 Adult Female 23-24 2.7.8 Adult Male 25-26 2.8 Management of papaya mealybug 26-29 2.8.1 Physical Control 26-27 2.8.2 Biological Control 27-29 2.8.3 Chemical Control 29 III MATERIALS AND METHODS 30-40 3.1 Identification of mealybug for biology Studies 30-32 3.1.1 Life Cycle of Paracoccus marginatus on Papaya Plants 30 3.1.2 Transplanting of Papaya seedlings 30 3.1.3 Duration of instars of male & female 32 3.1.4 Reproductive Period 32 3.1.5 Adult longevity 32 3.1.6 Number of eggs 32 3.2 Damage Assessment 33-40 3.2.1 Location of the experimental field 33 3.2.2 Climate of the experimental area 33 3.2.3 Soil of the experimental field 33 iv SL.NO. TITLE PAGE 3.2.4 Plant materials collection 33 3.2.5 Raising of seedlings 34 3.2.6 Treatment of the experiment 34 3.2.7 Design and layout of the experiment 36 3.2.8 Cultivation procedure 36-38 3.2.8.1 Land preparation 36 3.2.8.2 Pit preparation 36 3.2.8.3 Manures and fertilizers and its methods of application 37 3.2.8.4 Transplanting of seedlings 37 3.2.8.5 Intercultural operations 37 3.2.8.5.1 Gap filing 37 3.2.8.5.2 Weeding 38 3.2.8.5.3 Stalking 38 3.2.8.5.4 Irrigation 38 3.2.8.6 Harvesting 38 3.2.9 Data collection 39 3.2.9.1 Plant Height 39 3.2.9.2 Number of leaves per plant 39 3.2.9.3 Petiole length of the plant 39 3.2.9.4 Number of flowers per plant 39 v SL.NO. TITLE PAGE 3.2.9.5 Number of fruits per plant 39 3.2.9.6 Weight of individual fruit 39 3.2.9.7 Total fruit yield per plant 40 3.3 Data analysis 40 3.4 Statistical analysis 40 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41-68 4.1 Biology of Papaya Mealybug 41-57 4.1.1 Egg sack 41 4.1.2 Egg 41-43 4.1.3 Nymph 45-54 4.1.3.1 1st Instar Nymph 45-46 4.1.3.2 2nd Instar Nymph 46-47 4.1.3.3 3rd Instar Nymph 51-52 4.1.3.4 4th Instar Nymph 53-54 4.1.3.5 Adult Female 54 4.1.3.6 Adult Male 57 4.2 Damage assessment of papaya field after infestation of 58-68 papaya mealybug 4.2.1 Plant height 58 4.2.2 Leaf number 60 4.2.3 Petiole length 61 vi SL.NO. TITLE PAGE 4.2.4 Flowers number 62 4.2.5 Fruit number 64 4.2.6 Average Fruit weight 66 4.2.7 Total fruit yield per plant 67 4.2.8 Percent reduction of flowers, fruits, weight of individual 68 fruit weight, total fruit yield per plant by mealybug. V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 69-71 VI REFERENCES 72-81 APPENDICES 82-84 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE TITLE PAGE NO 1.