Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The Nature of the Gaze: A conceptual discussion of societal privilege from an indigenous perspective A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, SHORE & Whœriki Research Centre College of Health Aotearoa New Zealand Belinda Borell 2017 Whakatauœkū Ruiataitea,ruiataitea,kiatókotaik¢k¢anake Stripawaythesapwooduntilonlytheheartwoodremains Abstract This thesis explores how Kaupapa MĈori paradigms can make important contributionstoresearchtopicsthatmaynotbeofdirectorimmediaterelevanceto MĈoricommunities.InsightsgainedfromaKaupapaMĈoriinvestigationofwhite privilegeinAotearoaNewZealandarediscussed.Iarguethatculturalhegemonyis maintainedthroughstructuredforgetting,silence,andsuppressionofdissentthat hasdireconsequencesfordominantculturalgroupsaswellasmarginal.Structural racism and privilege are amenable to analyses utilising similar frameworks albeit from opposite sides that can provide valuable insights to understanding inequity more broadly.I also examine ways in which Kaupapa MĈori analyses of white privilegecanilluminatepathwaysofredressthatwillbenefitallNewZealandersand providemoreembracingperspectivesofnationhood. iii He Maimai Aroha Reginald Borell ͷͻǤͶͻǤͷͿ͹ͽȃͶ͸ǤͶͻǤ͸Ͷͷͻ Hori Pomana Alex Whaiapu ͸͹Ǥͷ͸ǤͷͿͻͺȃͶͷǤͶͷǤ͸Ͷͷͽ ͸͹ǤͶ͹ǤͷͿ͸ͿȃͷͻǤͷ͸Ǥ͸Ͷͷͻ Acknowledgements Tomyparents,ReginaldandMarleneBorell.Dadtaughtmethevalueofmeeting onescommitments.Mumtaughtmehowtokeepyourheadupwhileyoudoit. TothewiderBorell/Hibbs/PuhipiwhĈnau.Wehavebeenthroughalotthelastfew yearsandIamsoproudofhowwellwehavecometogetherandcontinuetosupport eachother.MuchlovetoAuntyEbbaandtheTeTua/Cooperwhanau.Specialthanks totakumahanga,NigelBorellforallthelaughs,challengingkoreroanddeftinclusion in the visual arts and culture arena.Additionally to the Whaiapu and Pomana whĈnau,hemihiaroha. To my supervisors Helen Moewaka Barnes and Tim McCreanor.Words cannot expresshowmuchIappreciateyoursupportinhelpingmecompletethisworkand theexampleyourleadershipprovidesforusall.TothebroaderWhĈrikiwhĈnau especiallyVictoriaLesatele,AmandaGregory,RangimarieMcDowell,TeahCarlson, TuilomaLinaSamu,EmeraldMcPhee,AlexMcConville,AngelaMoewakaBarnes,Jodi Porter,KenTaiapa,VerneMcManusandWendyHenwood.ToSallyCasswellandthe SHORE team, especially Lanuola Asiasiga, Penelope Carroll, Caroline Lowe, Lisa Morice and Jan Sheeran for your unwavering help and support. Nga mihi nui kia koutou. Toalltheresearchparticipantsinvolvedinprojectsaboutprivilege,thankyoufor sharingyourtimeandthoughtssogenerously. Tothoseamazingscholarsandactivistsinvolvedinaddressingstructuralracismand privilege in Aotearoa New Zealand, especially Raymond and Mitzi Nairn, Moana Jackson,DonnaCormack,RicciHarris,MahinarangiMaika,MereanaRuri,WaiHo, RhysJones,MargaretWetherell,TraceyMcIntosh,RuthDeSouza,BridgetRobson, PapaarangiReid,JoBaxter,MartinTobias,ElanaTaipapakiCurtis,TimHoward,Jenny v Rankine, Avril Bell, Neville Robertson, Rose Black, Ingrid Huygens, Adrian Field, CatherineDelahunty,MiriamaScott,TanjaDreher,NancyKrieger,JaneKelseyand SueCrengle.SpecialacknowledgementtoDrIrihapetiRamsden. KuraTeWaruRewiriforhercrucialinputintothisdoctoralstudy.Thankssomuch foryourpatienceandcontinuedsupport.Toallthevisualartswritersandcreators for their inspirational scholarship, especially Nigel Borell, Ngataiharuru Taepa, SaffronTeRatana,AimeeRatana,MargaretAull,CharlotteGraham,DonnaTupaeaͲ Petero,DebbieTupaeaͲAdams,RaewynTangira,LindaMunn,PeterBoyd,Ngahiraka MasonandMeganTamatiͲQuennell.ThanksalsotoImogenGreenfieldandTom IrwinfromtheAucklandArtGalleryToioTamakiforyourhelpwiththisresearch. vi Table of Contents WhakatauĈkţ...............................................................................................................iii Abstract.......................................................................................................................iii HeMaimaiAroha........................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements......................................................................................................v Introduction.................................................................................................................1 AimsandObjectives:................................................................................................1 Background..............................................................................................................3 TheNatureoftheGaze............................................................................................5 Racism....................................................................................................................10 Whiteness...............................................................................................................16 TheChapters..........................................................................................................22 Chapter 1:When the marginalised research the privileged:One MĈori group’s experience..................................................................................................................29 Abstract..................................................................................................................29 Introduction...........................................................................................................29 Indigenouscontrolledresearch.............................................................................32 ‘Ghettoised’or‘romanticised’research................................................................33 WhĈrikijourney......................................................................................................35 Challengingthe‘gaze’............................................................................................37 Assessment/funding...............................................................................................39 Ethics......................................................................................................................40 Discussion...............................................................................................................43 Conclusion..............................................................................................................44 Chapter 2:Theorising the structural dynamics of ethnic privilege in Aotearoa: Unpacking“thisbreezeatmyback............................................................................47 vii Abstract..................................................................................................................47 Introduction...........................................................................................................48 Background............................................................................................................49 Colonisationandprivilege......................................................................................52 Privilegeandpublichealth.....................................................................................53 Privilegediscourse.................................................................................................55 Theorisingprivilege................................................................................................56 Societalprivilege................................................................................................56 Institutionalprivilege.........................................................................................58 Interpersonalprivilege.......................................................................................59 Internalisedprivilege..........................................................................................60 Discussion...............................................................................................................61 Determinantsofsocialandhealthinequity.......................................................62 StructuralanalysisofPĈkehĈculturalbeliefs/values........................................62 PĈkehĈidentitywork.........................................................................................63 Policyframeworks..............................................................................................64 Conclusion..............................................................................................................64 Chapter3:FumblinginaVacuum:ExplanationsOfMainstreamPrivilege..............66 Abstract..................................................................................................................66 Introduction...........................................................................................................66 HegemonyandDiscourse..................................................................................69 Silence,PausesandRhetoricalIncoherence......................................................71 TheResearch......................................................................................................72 Researchfindings...................................................................................................73 Discussion...............................................................................................................80 Conclusion..............................................................................................................82