Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01375-9 - External Intervention and the Politics of State Formation: China, Indonesia, and Thailand, 1893–1952 Ja Ian Chong Index More information Index A.E.G., 146n217 Anglo-Dutch Treaties (1824, 1871), 177, Abe Nobuyuki, 115n18 181n39, 181 Abkhazia, 229 Anglo-French Agreement (1896), 104 Aceh, 9, 176, 179, 181–182, 192, Anglo-French Alliance, 202 194, 195 Anglo-Siamese Treaty (1855), 208 Acemoglu, Daron, 228n2 Anglo-Siamese Treaty (1909), 202n6, 202 Acheson, Dean, 130 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement (1919), Adams, Brooks, 83n52 137n153 Afghanistan Anti-Yuan Campaign (1916), 50, 57, 60 British actions in, 97 Arab Spring (2011), 26, 225 foreign intervention in, 1, 4, 26, 224, 225, Araki Sadao, 115n17 229, 231 Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis, 77n15 Obama administration and, 229–230 Asquith, H. H., 76, 80 Africa Athens, 12 Britain and, 202n5 Attlee, Clement Richard, 123, 189, 212 decolonisation, 5 Australia, 12, 122n58, 134, 177 France and, 104, 149, 178, 202n5, 204 Austria-Hungary, 99, 105 Germany and, 178 precolonial state forms, 6 Bahasa Indonesia, 197n116, 197 Scramble for, 35 Bai Chongxi (Pai Chung-hsi) See Guangxi sovereign state creation in, 37 Clique African Union, 229 Baikal, Lake, 98 Aisin Gioro Puyi, 50 Baldwin, Stanley Baldwin, Earl, 81, 120n45, Aisin Gioro Zaifeng, 49 120n49, 120, 121 Alexeyev, Evgenii, 97, 99 Balfour, Arthur James Balfour, Earl of, 77n15, Amau (Amo) Declaration, 117n30, 117, 126, 78–79, 82 132n122 Bali, 179 Amau Eiji, 117n30 Balkans, 26 Ambalat, 7 Bangkok-Singapore Railway, 202 Ambon, 176n12, 195 Bank of Communications, 61 American Asiatic Society, 84 Barnhart, Michael, 113 American Group, 87 Battambang, 205n24 Amoy (Xiamen), 96 Beach, Michael Hicks, 77n15 Ananda Mahidol, King of Thailand, 218n84, Beijing-Hankou-Guangdong Railroad, 68 218 Beijing Tariff Conference (1926), 124, 131 Anderson, Benedict R. O’G., 38, 232 Beiyang (Peiyang) Army and Navy, 65, 68, 69 Anderson, Perry, 40 Beiyang (Peiyang) governments, 52n35, 52, 56, Anfu Clique 61, 74, 95 Britain and, 81 Belgium, 105 commercial interests and, 62 bellicist theories of state formation, 41–43, defeat in Zhili-Anfu War, 51 63–65, 169–171, 233 efforts toward a unified China, 56, 57 Beresford, Charles, 77n15 Japan and, 58, 69, 108, 227 Berlin Blockade, 187n71–188n71 Anglo-Chinese Company, 78n19 Bezobrazov, A. M., 97, 99 279 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01375-9 - External Intervention and the Politics of State Formation: China, Indonesia, and Thailand, 1893–1952 Ja Ian Chong Index More information 280 Index Board of Trade Journal, 122n58 British and Chinese Corporation, 78n19, Boer War, 31–32, 76n5, 76, 201 121n50 Boli, John, 37 British Chamber of Commerce, 121n50 Bolshevik Revolution, 91–92, 102 British Residents’ Association, 121n50 Borneo, 9, 179 Brook, Timothy, 119 Borneo Oil Company, 177 Bryan, William Jennings, 83 Borom Maha Si Suriyawong, Somdet Budi Utomo, 180 Chaophraya, 208 Bugis, 176n12 Bowles, Thomas Gibson, 77n15 Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 136, 137 Bowring Treaty (1855), 202 Bull, Hedley, 10n28 Boxer episode, 48–49n11, 49n11–49, 83, 85, 96 bupati, 176 Boxer Indemnity, 83, 87, 124 Burma Boxer Protocol, 89 British control of, 104, 177, 201, 203n14, Britain 203, 204 access privileges in Siam, 202n6–202, communist insurrection in, 187n71–188n71 202–202n6 decolonisation, 5 Chinese external autonomy and, 73 Japanese wartime designs on, 213 Chinese infrastructure projects and, 68 limits on domestic oversight in, 15 colony in India, 5, 76, 78, 97, 129 prevalence of malaria inShans in, 208, 213, control of Lower Yangzi, 52n34, 52, 77–78, 228n2 82, 103 wartime annexation by Siam, 212 December Memorandum, 124n70 Burma Road, 127 Duan Qirui cabinet and, 66 Burundi, 26 East Indies and, 9, 189n80, 193–194 Butterfield, Swire, and Company, 121n50 economic interests in China, 77n15–78n19, 77–77n15, 78n19–78, 78n20, 120, Cadogan, Alexander, 121n51 122n58, 122, 154 Cai E (Tsai Ao), 50 economy, 76–77, 121–122 California Texas Oil Corporation (Caltex), 177, France and, 82, 104, 109, 177, 202n5, 202, 195n111 203n14 Cambodia General Strike of 1926, 121 France and, 203n14, 204, 205n24, 205, 212 Germany and, 103n192 as Siamese vassal state, 1, 9, 203n14, 204, Japan and, 82, 109, 122, 123, 126–127 205n24, 212n56 loans to Chinese entities, 67, 68, 81 United Nations state-building effort, 26, 229 lobby for suppression of Nationalists, 121 wartime annexation by Siam, 213 Maritime Customs Service and, 52, 80 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 82 neglect of military, 122 Canada, 12, 122n58 Netherlands and, 177, 181n39, 181 Canton (Guangzhou), 62, 103 New Armies and, 68–69 Cao Rulin (Tsao Ju-lin), 61 perceived costs of intervention in China, Caribbean, 84, 85 75–76, 79, 106, 120–123, 154, 157 Central Asia, 5, 77 perceived costs of intervention in East Indies, Central Europe, 5 177–178, 179, 188–189, 190, 198 Central Plains War (1930), 158n31, 158 perceived costs of intervention in Siam, 18, Chahar, 59, 95, 116, 126n82, 158 201–203, 206, 211, 216, 228n2 Chamberlain, Austen, Sir, 120 Russian Civil War and, 137, 138 Chamberlain, Joseph, 76, 77n15, 78 Russo-Japanese War and, 92n119 Chamberlain, Neville, 120n45, 120n49, 121, strategic concerns, 76, 78–79, 177 127n86, 127 support for central Chinese government, 46, Champassak, 205n24 79–83, 106–107, 123, 124, 156 Chan, Anthony, 69 support for centralised Thai state, 203, 209, Chang Chih-tung (Zhang Zhidong), 49n11, 65 220 Changgufeng (Changkufeng), 115n18 support for Indonesian republic, 189, 197, Changjiang (Yangzi River), 52, 125 198 Chang Tso-lin See Zhang Zuolin (Chang Tso- Triple Entente, 99 lin) United States and, 82, 88, 122n58, 134 Chanthaburi, 205n24 Wang Zhanyuan and, 59 Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China, during World War I, 76, 77, 201 121n50 Yuan Shikai and, 80n35–80, 80–80n35 chartered trading companies, 6 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01375-9 - External Intervention and the Politics of State Formation: China, Indonesia, and Thailand, 1893–1952 Ja Ian Chong Index More information Index 281 Chechnya, 229 Chinese Nationalist Party See Nationalists Chen Duxiu (Ch’en Tu-hsiu), 61, 144 Chinese Revolutionary Alliance Chen Jiongming (Chen Chiung-ming), 51, (Tongmenghui), 166 57–58, 61 Choibalsan, Khorloogiin, 141, 153 Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), 118n37, 122, Chongqing (Chungking), 127, 133 140, 145 Chuang Bunnag (Si Suriyawong), 208 Chiang Mai, 207n27, 221 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, 19, 206, 207n27 Ch’i Hsi-sheng, 54, 64–65 Chun, Prince, 49 Chin (Qin)-Doihara Agreement (1935), 126n82 Churchill, Winston, 76, 78, 120n49, 121, 123, China 125, 156 arms embargo on, 81, 88n93, 88 city leagues, 6, 13 bellicist perspectives on, 63–65, 169–171 city-states, 12–13 external autonomy, 52–53, 73–74, 160, Cixi (Tz’u Hsi), Empress Dowager, 49 163–164 Cohen, Warren, 134 as a feudalised state, 47–53 Cold War institutional commitment perspectives on, China and, 129–130, 152 59–63, 168–169 Indonesia/East Indies and, 187, 188, 197 modern notions of sovereignty and, 8 intervention cost expectations and, 129–130, nationalist movements, 5, 56–59, 61, 62–63, 152, 232 165–168, 231 self-determination movements and, 1, 1911 Revolution, 49 230–231 1913 Second Revolution, 50, 57, 60, 80 Soviet Union and, 137 opportunity costs of intervention in, 20–21, Thailand/Siam and, 214, 217 22–23, 106, 157, 228 United States and, 129–130, 187, 197, political centralisation, 66–70, 157–159, 214, 217 161–162 Colijn, Hendrikus, 185n58 Spring and Autumn period, 54 colonial states, 4, 5, 12, 25, 38 standard historical narratives of, 17, 44, Comintern, 144, 145 47, 151 Communications Clique, 61 territorial exclusivity, 51–52, 70–73, Coolidge, Calvin, 131 159–160, 162 Correlates of War Project (COW), 233n13, 233 Warring States period, 6, 54 Cranborne, Viscoun See Salisbury; James war with Japan, 19, 89, 90, 92 Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess See also Chinese Communist Party (CCP), of (1861–1947) Nationalists, Qing Dynasty Cuba, 85n65 China Aid Act (1948), 135n138 Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel Curzon, China Association, 121n50 Marquess, 77n15 China Bondholders’ Committee, 121n51 Czechoslovakia, 187n71–188n71 China Committee, 121n50 China Eastern Railway, 101, 141 Daimler-Benz, 146n217 China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Dai Viet, 12 Company, 68 Dalian, 98 China Relief Expedition, 85 Damrong Rajanubhan, Prince of Siam, 207n27 China-Studien-Gesellschaft, 146n217 Dawes Plan (1923), 137 Chinchow-Aigun (Jinzhou-Aihun) Railroad, 88 Deutsche-Asiatische Bank, 146n217 Chinese Central Railways, 78n19 Devawongse Varoprakar, Prince of Siam, 209 Chinese Civil War, 161 Deventer, Conrad Théodoor van, 175 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Dewantara, Hadjar, 192 base in Manchuria, 142, 154, 162 Diaoyutai Islands, 7 capacity for capitalised coercion, 170–171 Dilke, Charles, 77n15 Chen Duxiu and, 61, 144 Ding Wenjiang, 61 Korean War and, 32, 154, 232 Diponegoro, 5 nationalism and, 167 Djibouti, 28 Nationalists and, 135, 140, 141, 144–145 Dokdo Island, 7 peasant class and, 168–169 Dominican Republic, 85n65 Soviet aid for, 140–141, 144n208–145, Dongnan hubao yundong, 49n11, 49 144–144n208, 161–162 Dorniern, 146n217 willingness to cede Northeast China to Duan Qirui (Tuan Ch’i-jui) Soviets, 227 Britain and, 66, 81 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01375-9 - External Intervention and the Politics of State Formation: China,