Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Masters Theses & Specialist Projects Graduate School Spring 2020 Forgotten Mistakes: Crossing the Rhine Gorge, 1945 Michael Duncan Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses Part of the European History Commons, Other History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Duncan, Michael, "Forgotten Mistakes: Crossing the Rhine Gorge, 1945" (2020). Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 3202. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3202 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses & Specialist Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORGOTTEN MISTAKES: CROSSING THE RHINE GORGE, 1945 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History Western Kentucky University Bowling Green, Kentucky In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Michael Duncan May 2020 FORGOTTEN MISTAKES: CROSSING THE RHINE GORGE, 1945 May 22, 2020 Date Recommended ___________________ Digitally signed by Selena Sanderfer Selena Sanderfer Doss Doss __________________________________Date: 2020.05.27 11:59:50 -05'00' Selena Doss, Director of Thesis Alexander Olson Digitally signed by Alexander Olson ____________________________________Date: 2020.05.28 03:52:01 -05'00' Alexander Olson Digitally signed by Jeffrey Miner ____________________________________Jeffrey Miner Date: 2020.05.28 10:55:55 -05'00' Jeffrey Miner Digitally signed by Cheryl D Davis Cheryl D Davis Date: 2020.06.01 12:00:52 -05'00' 6/1/2020 _____________________________________ Dean, Graduate Studies and Research Date I dedicate this thesis to my beautiful wife Karyna. Her incredible patience, constant encouragement, and unwavering support made this possible. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge those that assisted me with accessing valuable primary sources for this project. Mark Kitchell, the administrator for the 89th Infantry Division in World War II website and social media presence, provided me with multiple accounts from veterans of the Rhine Gorge crossing. Mark Gallagher graciously granted me permission to use the account of his father, Robert Gallagher. The staff at the Donovan Research Library found the infantry school paper written by Paul Brown for me in their archives. Lori Miller from Redbird Research provided me with the Morning Reports of F Company, 354th Infantry Regiment from the National Archives at St Louis, and Geoff Gentilini from Golden Arrow Research found the After Action Reports of 354th Infantry Regiment in the National Archives at College Park. Additionally, I would like to thank my committee members. Dr Doss guided this project from the beginning and provided incredibly detailed feedback in her draft reviews. Dr Miner challenged me to rethink how I analyze perspectives and critique sources. Dr Olsen encouraged me to make bold assertions when warranted by the research. Their contributions were truly invaluable and are visible throughout the thesis. iv PREFACE In 2012, my brother showed me a uniform from World War II that he had recently framed. It had belonged to my grandfather. I observed a strange patch on the shoulder—a white “W” imposed over a bright blue background. It was not until four years later while visiting the National Infantry Museum that I saw a large display with every division patch from World War II and noticed that same patch from my grandfather’s uniform. It was the emblem of the 89th Infantry Division. I began to do some casual research, reading that the 89th Infantry Division did not see any significant combat during the war. Soon after, I was at the Donovan Research Library at Fort Benning and stumbled upon the 89th Infantry Division history book from 1947, where my grandfather’s name was listed under F Company, 354th Infantry Regiment, and my interest was reignited. Rather than confirming that the 89th Infantry Division had not seen significant combat, further research showed that his company had suffered severe casualties at one specific battle— the crossing of the Rhine Gorge. I learned that my grandfather was not present at the crossing, but I was still curious. I could hardly find anything about it. Then I found an obscure article online by Oscar Friedensohn describing the horrors of that night. For years I continually returned to the Rhine Gorge crossing, trying to understand it. I found other accounts from veterans. I obtained records from the National Archives. The deeper I dug, the more intriguing it became. Why did the stories from veterans seem to conflict with the official histories? This thesis is my attempt to explain what happened in late March 1945 at the Rhine Gorge as well as explore how an obscure battle with relatively little strategic impact could seriously affect the way we remember the past, write history, and use that history to navigate the present. v CONTENTS Introduction: The Legacy of World War II ..........................................................................1 Chapter One: Media Portrayal of the War .........................................................................25 Chapter Two: Official Histories and Army Reports ..........................................................48 Chapter Three: Narrative Crafting by Army Leaders ........................................................76 Chapter Four: The German Perspective .............................................................................98 Chapter Five: The American Soldiers..............................................................................112 Conclusion: Adjusting the Narrative ...............................................................................136 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................145 Appendix A: Referenced Veterans of the Rhine Gorge Crossing ...................................155 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure One: Major Allied Bridgeheads Across the Rhine River .........................................2 Figure Two: 89th ID Task Organization for Rhine Crossing ...............................................7 Figure Three: Rhine Gorge Near St Goarshausen ...............................................................8 Figure Four: The New York Times on March 24, 1945 ......................................................33 Figure Five: Selection from the 354th IN AAR for March, 1945 ......................................49 Figure Six: The Last Offensive with Original Binding ......................................................52 Figure Seven: Planned Rhine River Crossings ..................................................................55 Figure Eight: Allied Advance to Rhine River....................................................................58 Figure Nine: 12th Army Group Bridgeheads ......................................................................60 Figure Ten: 89th ID Area of Operations .............................................................................65 Figure Eleven: German Deployment Along Rhine Gorge ...............................................105 vii FORGOTTEN MISTAKES: CROSSING THE RHINE GORGE, 1945 Michael Duncan May 2020 157 Pages Directed by: Selena Doss, Alexander Olson, and Jeffrey Miner Department of History Western Kentucky University In the years following World War II, official military records along with news reports and personal accounts of senior military leaders formed a narrative that emphasized American exceptionalism and focused on the success of the United States military. That original narrative became a foundation for foreign policy and military doctrine, and its characterization of the tactical and operational decisions made by American military leaders has remained almost entirely unchallenged. This thesis seeks to reverse that trend by carefully analyzing the tactical and operational aspects of one specific event, the crossing of the Rhine Gorge by the 89th Infantry Division. The original narrative of World War II minimizes the Rhine Gorge crossing, while first-hand accounts from soldiers reveal that significant mistakes were made in the planning and execution of that operation. The discrepancies require reconciliation through a careful examination of all available sources. Layering a variety of primary sources including media outlets, army reports, senior leader accounts, and the statements of participating soldiers demonstrates the fallibility of the accepted World War II narrative. The process of layering primary sources also reveals the need for further analysis of the tactical decisions made by American leaders during World War II. Furthermore, it necessitates further investigation into the impact of the original narrative on subsequent policy decisions in the United States. viii INTRODUCTION THE LEGACY OF WORLD WAR II A character in Les Miserables, lamenting the death of his comrades on the 19th century Paris barricades while he lived, triggered a flood of memories… and it all came rushing back. —Oscar Friedensohn1 In the early morning hours of March 26, 1945, a handful of wooden boats slipped into the cool, rushing waters of the Rhine River as American soldiers from the 89th Infantry Division (89th ID) attempted to cross the last remaining obstacle separating Allied forces from the heartland