Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 12-7-2018 Peruvian Pinnipeds as Archivists of ENSO Effects Mickie Rae Edwards [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Mickie Rae Edwards. 2018. Peruvian Pinnipeds as Archivists of ENSO Effects. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (495) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/495. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thesis of Mickie Rae Edwards Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science M.S. Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography December 2018 Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: Amy C. Hirons, Ph.D. Committee Member: Michael Adkesson, D.V.M. DACZM Committee Member: David Kerstetter, Ph.D. Committee Member: Alexander Soloviev, Ph.D. This thesis is available at NSUWorks: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/495 HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY Peruvian Pinnipeds as Archivists of ENSO Effects By: Mickie Rae Edwards Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University December 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 Preface ..............................................................................................................................1 Peruvian Marine Ecosystem .............................................................................................3 El Niño- La Niña- Southern Oscillations .........................................................................5 Peruvian Pinnipeds ...........................................................................................................8 Peruvian Fur Seals ............................................................................................................9 South American Sea Lions .............................................................................................12 Stable Isotope Ratios ......................................................................................................15 METHODS ........................................................................................................................18 Permits ...........................................................................................................................18 Sample Collection .........................................................................................................18 Laboratory Analyses .....................................................................................................20 Statistical Analyses .......................................................................................................21 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................22 ENSO Conditions ..........................................................................................................22 Vibrissae ........................................................................................................................24 Peruvian Fur Seal Population .........................................................................................25 Peruvian Fur Seal Males ................................................................................................31 Peruvian Fur Seal Females .............................................................................................36 Peruvian Fur Seal Male/Female .....................................................................................41 Peruvian Fur Seal Dam/Pup Pairs ..................................................................................45 South American Sea Lion Male .....................................................................................45 Sympatric Species ..........................................................................................................48 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................51 Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly ................................................................................51 Peruvian Fur Seal (δ13C) ................................................................................................52 Peruvian Fur Seal (δ15N) ................................................................................................54 ii Peruvian Fur Seal Dam-Pup Pairs ..................................................................................57 Peruvian Fur Seal Males and Females ...........................................................................36 South American Sea Lions .............................................................................................58 Sympatric Species ..........................................................................................................58 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................59 Future Research ..............................................................................................................61 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................................................................62 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................82 Appendix A. Sea Surface Temperature Plots and Tables ..............................................83 Appendix B. Vibrissae Plots (Peruvian Fur Seal) ..........................................................85 Appendix C. Vibrissae Plots (South American Sea Lion) ...........................................154 Appendix D. Vibrissae Tables......................................................................................160 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the Punta San Juan Reserve and its beaches, relative to its location in Peru and South America. Red square shows the region of coastal waters of El Niño index 1+2 region. (Map adapted from Cárdenas-Alayza 2012) ....................................................2 Figure 2. Coastal region current circulation (Checkley et al. 2009). The study site, Punta San Juan, Peru was located at 15°22’ S, 75°11’ W .............................................................4 Figure 3. Sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly time series for Nino index 1+2 from 2000-2017 (NOAA_ERSST_V5 data provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD). Positive anomalies represent warm periods (El Niño) and negative anomalies cold periods (La Niña) .................................................................................................................................23 Figure 4. Peruvian fur seal population δ13C (blue) and δ15N (red) in parts per thousand (‰), 2004-2016 .................................................................................................................27 Figure 5. Peruvian fur seal male δ13C (blue), δ15N (red) and female δ13C (purple), δ15N (pink) in parts per thousand (‰), 2004-2016 ...................................................................28 Figure 6. Principal component analysis of mean Peruvian fur seal population vibrissae δ13C, δ15N and sea surface temperature anomaly factored by year (2004-2016) ..............30 Figure 7. Male Peruvian fur seal δ13C (blue) in comparison to sea surface temperature anomaly (orange) (°C), 2004-2016 ...................................................................................32 Figure 8. Male Peruvian fur seal δ15N (red) in comparison to sea surface temperature anomaly (orange) (°C), 2004-2016 ...................................................................................33 Figure 9. Principal component analysis of mean male Peruvian fur seal δ13C, δ15N and sea surface temperature anomaly (°C) factored by year (2004-2016) ....................................35 Figure 10. Mean female Peruvian fur seal (n=47) δ13C (blue) in comparison to sea surface temperature anomaly (orange) (°C), 2005-2015 ................................................................37 Figure 11. Mean female Peruvian fur seal (n=47) δ15N (red) in comparison to sea surface temperature anomaly (orange) (°C), 2005-2015 ...............................................................38 iv Figure 12. Principal component analysis of mean female Peruvian