The Terrorism Acts in 2019 REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEWER OF TERRORISM LEGISLATION ON THE OPERATION OF THE TERRORISM ACTS 2000 AND 2006 By JONATHAN HALL Q.C. Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation March 2021 The Terrorism Acts in 2019 REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEWER OF TERRORISM LEGISLATION ON THE OPERATION OF THE TERRORISM ACTS 2000 AND 2006 By JONATHAN HALL Q.C. Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 36(5) of the Terrorism Act 2006 March 2021 © Crown copyright 2021 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at Direct Communications Unit, Home Office, 2 Marsham Street, London – SW1P 4DF ISBN 978-1-5286-2501-2 CCS0321248042 03/21 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 6 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 7 Terrorism Legislation ....................................................................................................... 7 My Approach .................................................................................................................... 10 2. REVIEW OF 2019 ......................................................................................................... 12 A Year of Diversification ............................................................................................... 12 Novel Cause Terrorism .................................................................................................. 15 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 15 Current Terrorism Classification ............................................................................ 19 Other Potential Terrorist Causes ............................................................................ 21 Terrorist Causes .......................................................................................................... 26 3. TERRORIST GROUPS ................................................................................................ 36 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 36 Direct Effect ...................................................................................................................... 36 Symbolic Effect................................................................................................................ 39 Proscription Orders in 2019 ......................................................................................... 40 Alias Names Orders in 2019 ......................................................................................... 41 Deproscription in 2019 .................................................................................................. 41 Flexibility ........................................................................................................................... 43 Aid Agencies .................................................................................................................... 44 4. INVESTIGATING TERRORISM ................................................................................. 50 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 50 Stop and Search .............................................................................................................. 50 Section 43 and 43A ......................................................................................................... 50 London ........................................................................................................................... 50 Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................... 51 Other forces .................................................................................................................. 52 Section 47A ....................................................................................................................... 52 Cordons ............................................................................................................................. 53 Terrorism Powers and Modern Technology ............................................................ 54 Search warrants .............................................................................................................. 61 Production Orders .......................................................................................................... 61 Journalistic Material ................................................................................................... 62 Post-charge questioning ............................................................................................... 68 2 Financial Investigations ................................................................................................70 Customer Information Orders, Explanation Orders and Account Monitoring Orders ............................................................................................................................ 71 Suspicious Activity Reports .................................................................................... 71 5. ARRESTING AND DETAINING ................................................................................. 74 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 74 Arrests in 2019 ................................................................................................................. 74 Detention following section 41 arrest in 2019 ......................................................... 75 Length of detention .................................................................................................... 75 Injured suspects and interaction with PACE arrests ........................................ 76 Warrants of Further Detention ................................................................................. 78 Conditions and Safeguards...................................................................................... 80 Arrest Outcomes in 2019 .............................................................................................. 82 Numbers charged........................................................................................................ 82 Gender, age, ethnicity and nationality .................................................................. 84 6. STOPPING THE TRAVELLING PUBLIC ................................................................. 86 Port and Border Controls: Introduction .................................................................... 86 Small Ports and Airports ............................................................................................... 86 General Maritime ......................................................................................................... 87 General Aviation .......................................................................................................... 88 Frequency of Use ............................................................................................................ 89 Great Britain ................................................................................................................. 89 Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................... 89 Decline and Utility ........................................................................................................... 89 Detention ........................................................................................................................... 91 Great Britain ................................................................................................................. 92 Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................... 93 Self-Defined Ethnicity .................................................................................................... 93 Great Britain ................................................................................................................. 93 Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................... 95 Advance information ...................................................................................................... 97 Conduct of Examinations ............................................................................................. 98 Digital Downloads ........................................................................................................