COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES DIRECTORATE-GENERAL XXIII- TOURISM UNIT STUDIES THE EVOLUTION IN HOLIDAY TRAVEL FACILITIES AND IN THE FLOW OF TOURISM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Part II: MAIN REPORT ' '~ '~ DOCUMENT 1993 This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994 Part II: ISBN 92-826-6562-3 Part I and II: ISBN 92-826-6560-7 © ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels • Luxembourg, 1994 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Commission of the European Communities D.G. XXIII - Tourism Unit THE EVOLUTION IN HOLIDAY TRAVEL FACILITIES AND IN THE FLOW OF TOURISM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Part II: Main Report 1993 TOURCONSUL T International TOURCONSUL T ltalia EUROPEAN TRAVEL DATA CENTRE NOTICE ON THE CONFIDENTIAL NATURE OF THE DATA CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT The data contained in this Report are for use within the client's own organisation only. European Travel Monitor findings may not communicated or given to others, to organisations or to the media without prior written permission from TOURCONSULT /INTERNATIONAL or the European Travel Intelligence Center, Brussels. CONTENTS PART II- MAIN REPORT Page 1. QUANTIFICATION · OF TRAYELLERS AND NON TRAYELLERS IN EUROPE ........ 1 1.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 1 1.2 Contents of the tables ......................................................... 1 1.3 The use of the European Travel Monitor for the research .................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Introduction .................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Method of Data Collection.......................................... 5 1.3.3 Time of Data Collection.............................................. 5 1.3.4 Sample Size.................................................................... 6 1.3.5 Survey Analysis............................................................ 6 1.3.6 Information Collected ................................................. 6 . 1.3.7 Reports Produced by European Travel Monitor ... 7 1.3.8 Use of the European Travel Monitor for the Study .................................................................. 7 1.3.9 Notes to the Tables ....................................................... 8 Page 2. EUROPEAN TRAVEL A TOURISM OVERVIEW................................................................................ 35 2.1 The 1980s ................................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Introduction .................................................................. 35 2.1.2 EC Omnibus survey: Europeans and their Holidays .............. ...................................................... ...... 35 2.2 National Travel Surveys .................................................. 39 2.3 European Travel in 1990 and Since the Gulf War 62 2.3.1 Introduction................................................................... 62 2.3.2 Selected Graphs of Travel and Accommodation made in 1990 by Residents of the 18 Countries of Western Europe ....................................................... 63 2.3.3 1990 Trends Analysis..................................................... 68 2.3.4 Leisure versus Business Travel.................................. 71 2.3.5 Short versus Long Trips.............................................. 74 2.3.6 Season of Travel............................................................ 76 2.3.7 Organised travel in and from Europe and the Impact of Trends on Travel Facilities....................... 78 2.3.8 Since the Gulf war......................................................... 85 2.4 Travel Flows between Western and Eastern Europe........................................................................................ 87 2.5 Summary of Statistical Trends ...................................... 88 Page 3. LEVEL OF TRIP- TAKING ACROSS EUROPE....................................................................................... 90 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 90 3.2 Overall Travel Intensity .................................................... 92 3.2.1 Market by Market Comparison.................................. 93 3.2.2 Domestic Versus Foreign Travel ........ .................. .... 96 3.2.3 Foreign Trips as a Share of Overall Trip Volume 100 3.3 Participation in Holiday Travel Abroad .................... 102 3.4 Frequency of Trip-Taking ................................................. 104 3.5 Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors ................. 105 3.5.1 Age .......................................... ~........................................ 105 3.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors .............................................. 107 3.5.3 The Holiday Market..................................................... 109 3.6 European Non-Travellers ................................................ 112 3.7 First Trips ................................................................................ 116 3.8 Summary of Key Findings ................................................ 116 Page 4. A QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRENDS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE ORGANISED TRAVEL INDUSTRY.... 118 4.1 Introduction............................................................................. 118 4.2 Organised travel and the Impact of Trends on Travel Facilities ..................................................................... 119 4.2.1 Transportation............................................................... 119 4.2.2 Hotels and other forms of Accommodation........... 120 4.2.3 The Tour Operator Market.......................................... 122 4.2.4 Conclusions..................................................................... 125 4.3 Major Factors Affecting Travel and Tourism ........ 127 4.3.1 Price Effects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 128 4.3.2 Political Factors ............................................................. 129 4.3.3 Terrorism ....................................................................... 129 4.3.4 Security Charges ........................................................... 129 4.3.5 VAT and the Abolition of Duty-Free Sales ............ 129 4.3.6 Airport and Airway Congestion................................ 130 4.3.7 Health and Environment........................................... 131 4.3.8 Technology .................................................................... 132 4.5 Conclusions ............................................................................. 132 Page 5. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN AND NON EUROPEAN TRAVEL TRENDS ............................ 135 5.1 Inbound to Europe from the Rest of the World ....... 135 5.2 The Evolution of Tourism Flows in Europe and Worldwide 1950-1990 .......................................................... 142 5.2.1 Introduction................................................................... 142 5.2.2 Main factors which have determined the Evolution of Tourism .................................................. 143 5.2.3 Europe - Main Factors which have determined the Evolution of Tourism in 1990 ........................... 147 5.2.4 Trends of Outbound Travel from Selected Countries .World Wide and in Various Regions Trends of Outbound Travel from Selected Countries of Europe and Having as a destination: -Africa -Americas - Asia/Oceania (excluding Western Asia) -Western Asia................................................. 160 Page 6. THE DISADVANTAGED TRAVELLER - WHY THE HABITUAL STAY-AT-HOMES? 168 6.1 Age factors ............. ...................................................... ............ 169 6.2 A Natural Ceiling ................................................................. 172 6.3 The Disabled ......................................................................... 172 6.4 Industrial and School Holiday Constraints............... 173 7. EXPECTED TRENDS FOR THE 1990'S.......... 176 7.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 176 7.2 Forecasts for tourism trends ........................................... 176 8. A STRATEGY FOR EUROPE - THE PRODUCTS ............................................................................... 181 8.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 181 8.2 Suitability of supply and modifications to existing products .................................................................................... 182 8.2.1 Failure to Address the Major Issues......................... 182 8.2.2 Seasonal Imbalances..................................................... 182 8.2.3 Youth and Senior Citizen Markets........................... 185 8.2.4 Social tourism ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 186 8.2.5 Health tourism/Thermalism .................................... 187 8.2.6 All season mountain resorts . .. ........ ...... .. .......... ........ 187 Page 8.3 Some Innovative Products ............................................... 188 8.3.1 Low income and disabled travellers ....................... 188 8.3.2 Innovative
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