LAWS AND POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR REPRODUCTIVE LIVES PAGE 123 3. Philippines Statistics GENERAL Population ■ Total population (millions): 83.1.1 ■ Population by sex (thousands): 40,418.2 (female) and 40,990.0 (male).2 ■ Percentage of population aged 0–14: 36.5.3 ■ Percentage of population aged 15–24: 20.3.4 ■ Percentage of population in rural areas: 39.5 Economy ■ Annual percentage growth of gross domestic product (GDP): 3.5.6 ■ Gross national income per capita: USD 1,080.7 ■ Government expenditure on health: 1.5% of GDP.8 ■ Government expenditure on education: 2.9% of GDP.9 ■ Percentage of population below the poverty line: 37.10 WOMEN’S STATUS ■ Life expectancy: 73.1 (female) and 68.8 (male).11 ■ Average age at marriage: 23.8 (female) and 26.3 (male).12 ■ Labor force participation: 54.8 (female) and 84.3 (male).13 ■ Percentage of employed women in agricultural labor force: Information unavailable. ■ Percentage of women among administrative and managerial workers: 58.14 ■ Literacy rate among population aged 15 and older: 96% (female) and 96% (male).15 ■ Percentage of female-headed households: 11.16 ■ Percentage of seats held by women in national government: 18.17 ■ Percentage of parliamentary seats occupied by women: 15.18 CONTRACEPTION ■ Total fertility rate: 3.03.19 ■ Contraceptive prevalence rate among married women aged 15–49: 49% (any method) and 33% (modern method).20 ■ Prevalence of sterilization among couples: 10.4% (total); 10.3% (female); 0.1% (male).21 ■ Sterilization as a percentage of overall contraceptive prevalence: 22.4.22 MATERNAL HEALTH ■ Lifetime risk of maternal death: 1 in 90 women.23 ■ Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births: 200.24 ■ Percentage of pregnant women with anemia: 50.25 ■ Percentage of births monitored by trained attendants: 60.26 PAGE 124 WOMEN OF THE WORLD: ABORTION ■ Total number of abortions per year: Information unavailable. ■ Annual number of hospitalizations for abortion-related complications: Information unavailable. ■ Rate of abortion per 1,000 women aged 15–44: Information unavailable. ■ Breakdown by age of women obtaining abortions: 2.0% (under 20); 24.2% (age 20–24); 27.3% (age 25–29); 30.3% (age 30–34); 16.2% (age 35 and older).27 ■ Percentage of abortions that are obtained by married women: 91.0.28 SEXUALLY TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTIONS (STIS) AND HIV/AIDS ■ Number of people living with sexually transmissible infections: Information unavailable. ■ Number of people living with HIV/AIDS: 9,000.29 ■ Percentage of people aged 15–49 living with HIV/AIDS: <0.1 (female) and <0.1(male).30 ■ Estimated number of deaths due to AIDS: <500.31 CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS ■ Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births: 26.32 ■ Under five mortality rate per 1,000 live births: 30 (female) and 40 (male).33 ■ Gross primary school enrollment ratio: 112% (female) and 113% (male).34 ■ Primary school completion rate: 80 (female) and 72 (male).35 ■ Number of births per 1,000 women aged 15–19: 38.36 ■ Contraceptive prevalence rates among married female adolescents: 11.4% (modern methods); 10.4% (traditional methods); 21.8% (any method).37 ■ Percentage of abortions that are obtained by women younger than age 20: 2.0.38 ■ Number of children under the age of 15 living with HIV/AIDS: Information unavailable. PHILIPPINES PAGE 125 ENDNOTES 1. See United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), The State of World Population 2005, at 112 (estimate for 2005). 2. See United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Country Profiles for Population and Reproductive Health: Policy Developments and Indicators 2003 (2003), http://www.unfpa.org/profile/default.cfm. [hereinafter UNFPA, Country Profiles]. 3. See The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2004, at 39 (2004), http:// www.worldbank.org/data/ (estimate for 2002). [hereinafter The World Bank]. 4. See UNFPA, Country Profiles, supra note 2. 5. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 112 (estimate for 2003). 6. See The World Bank, supra note 3, at 183. (estimate for 1990-2002). 7. See The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2004: Data Query (2004), http://devdata.worldbank.org/data-query/ (statistical figure obtained through the Atlas method) (estimate for 2003). 8. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 112. 9. See United Nations CyberSchoolBus, InfoNation: Government Education Expenditure (2004), http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/infonation/e_ infonation.htm (estimate for 1997). 10. See The World Bank, Country At A Glance Tables For Philippines 2004, at 1 (2004), http://www.worldbank.org/data/countrydata/countrydata.html. 11. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 108. 12. See UNFPA, Country Profiles, supra note 2. 13. See Id. 14. See Social and Demographic Statistics Branch, United Nations Statistics Division, The World’s Women 2000: Trends and Statistics (2000) (estimate for 2001). 15. See UNFPA, Country Profiles, supra note 2. 16. See Social and Demographic Statistics Branch, supra note 14, at 48.(estimate for 1991-1997). 17. See Save the Children, State of World’s Mothers 2004, at 37 (2004), http:// www.savethechildren.org/mothers/report_2004/images/pdf/SOWM_2004_final.pdf (estimate for 2004). 18. See United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Indicators Database (2005), http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mi/mi_series_results.asp?rowId=557 (last updated Mar. 16, 2005) (estimate for 2005). 19. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 112 (estimate for 2000-2005). 20. See Id. at 108. 21. See Engenderhealth, Contraceptive Sterilization: Global Issues and Trends, tbl. 2.2, at 47 (2002) (estimates for 1998). 22. See Id. at tbl. Supp. 2.5, at 56 (estimate for 1998). 23. See World Health Organization et al., Maternal Mortality in 1995: Estimates Developed by WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) 45 (2000) (estimate for 1995). 24. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 108. 25. See Save the Children, supra note 17, at 37 (estimate for 1989-2000). 26. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 112. 27. See Akinrinola Bankole et al., Characteristics of Women who Obtain Induced Abortion: A Worldwide Review, 25 Int’l Fam. Planning Persp. 68–77 (1999), http://www. guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2506899.html (statistical figures obtained through ad hoc surveys and hospital records) (estimates for 1993). 28. See Id. 29. See Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) et al., UNAIDS/World Health Organization (WHO) Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections – 2004 Update: Philippines 3 (2004), http://www.who.int/GlobalAtlas/PDFFactory/HIV/EFS_PDFs/EFS2004_ PH.pdf (estimates for 2003). 30. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 108. 31. See Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) et al., supra note 29. 32. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 108. 33. See UNFPA, Country Profiles, supra note 2. 34. See UNFPA, The State of World Population 2005, supra note 1, at 108. The ratio may be more than 100 because the figures remain uncorrected for individuals who are older than the level-appropriate age due to late starts, interrupted schooling or grade repetition. 35. See Id. 36. See Id. 37. See Saroj Pachauri & K.G. Santhya, Reproductive Choices for Asian Adolescents: A Focus on Contraceptive Behavior, 28 Int’l Fam. Planning Persp. 186–195 (2002), http://www. agi-usa.org/pubs/journals/2818602.html (estimates are for 1998). 38. See Bankole et al., supra note 27. PAGE 126 WOMEN OF THE WORLD: he Republic of the Philippines is an archipelago between successor.24 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was elected to a second the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Viet- term in 2004. Some of the major challenges confronting the T nam.1 The Philippines was colonized by the Spanish in Philippine government today include internal security threats 1521, and their rule lasted for almost four hundred years;2 dur- from various groups within the country, such as Muslim and ing that time, there was a significant conversion to Roman communist insurgency groups.25 Catholicism.3 On May 1, 1898, the Americans defeated the In 2004, the total population was estimated to be 81.4 Spanish in Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War,4 million,26 approximately 49.6% of whom are female.27 The and Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, declared indepen- national language of the Philippines is the Tagalog dialect dence from Spain shortly after the defeat.5 On December 10, of Pilipino; Tagalog and English are the country’s two offi- 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States, which cial languages.28 Eight major dialects of Pilipino (out of 87 began to occupy the country under the Treaty of Paris.6 The native languages and dialects) are the first languages of more U.S. occupation continued until May 1942, when the Japanese than 85% of the population.29 The ethnic composition of seized control of the island from U.S. forces. The Japanese the Philippines consists of Christian Malay (91.5%), Muslim occupation lasted until September 1945, when Japanese forces Malay (4%), Chinese (1.5%), and other (3%).30 Indigenous finally surrendered to the United States.7 Less than a year cultural communities and peoples, which constitute about later, on July 4, 1946, the Philippines gained its independence 16% of the population, live throughout the country but pri- from the United States.8 marily in the regions of Cordillera and Mindanao.31 The After independence, the Philippines received assistance majority of the Philippine population is Roman Catholic from the United States for postwar reconstruction.9 Suc- (83%), while the rest is Protestant (9%), Muslim (5%), and cessive Philippine government administrations focused on Buddhist and other (3%).32 strengthening ties to neighboring Asian countries and diver- The Philippines has been a member of the United Nations sifying the economy.10 In 1965, President Ferdinand E.