Samuel Beckett’s ENDGAME TABLE of Contents Cast and Characters of Endgame………………….……………..……………..….…………...3 Synopsis………………….……………..……………..……………..……………..…………….3 A Brief Biography of Samuel Beckett……………...…………….…………….……….....…….4 Notes from the Director…………………………………………………………………….……8 Notes on Design Elements……………..……………..……………..……………..…………...10 Contexts……………………..……………………..……………………..……………………..12 Socio-Cultural and Philosophical Contexts…..………...…..……………..……..……12 Political Contexts…..……………..……………..……..……………..…………….......13 Theatrical Styles in Context…..……………..……………..……..……………..……..13 Beckett’s Thoughts on Endgame…..……………..……………..……..……………..………..15 Critical Commentary on Endgame and Samuel Beckett…………………………………….17 Snippets…………………………….…………………………….……….……………..17 Revising Himself- Performance as Text in Samuel Beckett's Theatre……...Appendix I S.E. Gontarski Theatrical Space and the Domain of Endgame…..……………..…...…...…Appendix II Brian Richardson Rest of Stage in Darkness: Beckett, his Directors and Place…..…………..Appendix III David Addyman Working with Beckett…..……………..……………..……..…………….….Appendix IV Alan Schneider Endgame and Performance…..……………..……………..……..……….…Appendix V Julie Campbell Waiting for the Show: Beckettian Performance…..……………..…...…….Appendix VI S.E. Gontarski Hamming it up in Endgame: A Theatrical Reading…..……………..……Appendix VII Kate Dorney Memory and Its Devices in Endgame…..……………..……………..…...Appendix VIII Jane E. Gatewood Re-Evaluating Endgame…..……………..……………..…………………...Appendix IX Colin Duckworth Bare interiors, chicken wire cages and subway stations—re-thinking Beckett’s response to the ART Endgame in light of earlier productions…..……..…...Appendix X Natka Bianchini 2 Characters and Cast of Endgame Clov .............................................................. Michael Sinkora Hamm ............................................................ Shayne Cameris nagg .............................................................. Bridgette Klein nell .............................................................. Emily Delorenzo Synopsis of Endgame Clov, a hobbled servant, enters a barren room that contains two trash cans (covered with an old sheet) and an armchair on casters (also covered with an old sheet). Using a ladder, he draws back the curtains from the room’s two small windows. One window looks out over the sea, the other over land. He peers out and laughs. He removes the sheet from the trash cans, peers in, and laughs. Finally he removes the sheet from the armchair, revealing Hamm, who wears a dressing gown, blacked-out glasses, and a large blood-stained handkerchief over his face. Clov laughs. Hamm wakes and laments, “Can there be misery loftier than mine?” He has the grandiose air of a former man of influence who has fallen on hard times. For Hamm and Clov—and Hamm’s parents, Nagg and Nell, who live in the two trash cans and occasionally surface to ask for food and tell stories—there is no life outside their shelter; inside, their resources are drying up and their health is in decline. Hamm is blind and cannot stand; Clov cannot sit down; Nagg and Nell can barely see or hear. The end is coming, though not nearly fast enough for Hamm. At the same time, it is terrifyingly near. The daily master/servant games Hamm and Clov play serve as distractions from their existential anxiety. Hamm orders Clov to look out the sea window, look out the land window, and look out both again. He demands that Clov push him around the room’s perimeter and then return him to the exact center. Hamm amuses himself by sparring with Clov, abusing his parents, and composing his “chronicle”: an account in which a man begs for bread for his son. Like their resources, Clov’s patience with Hamm is dwindling, and he often threatens to leave. Clov escapes to his kitchen whenever possible to find solace and order— only to be called back by Hamm’s increasingly desperate whistle. At last, Clov makes preparations to depart. Dressed for the road he stands, arrested, at the doorway, neither leaving nor responding to Hamm’s calls, as Hamm steels himself to face the end alone. 3 “You Must Go On” A Brief Biography of Samuel Beckett1 Samuel Barclay Beckett was born in Foxrock, near Dublin, on Good Friday, April 13, 1906, the second son of an Anglo-Irish middle-class Protestant family. Beckett’s beloved father was a hearty fellow who loved going to the races, swimming with his sons in Dublin Bay, and hiking the nearby mountains for hours on end. His mother, on the other hand, was a sternly critical, strait-laced woman prone to violent outbursts of temper and bouts of dark depression. Beckett was close to all the members of his family, and their deaths would later have a profound impact on the evolution of his views on life, love, and art. Although shy and occasionally solitary, young Sam Beckett enjoyed an active, happy childhood. At 14 he left home to attend Portora Royal School, where he excelled at sports, chess, music, and the execution of practical jokes. At 17 he went up to Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied French and Italian and developed a love for literature. His free time was often spent at the Abbey Theatre, where he particularly enjoyed Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock and The Plough and the Stars, as well as all of John Millington Synge, who Beckett later claimed was the dramatist who most influenced his own work. He also appreciated the lighter fare of the music hall and circus and the silent films of Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin, whose physical comedy and humor-tinged pathos (and archetypal bowler hat) would so indelibly mark Beckett’s later characters. Despite his apparently lively social life, however, he became increasingly withdrawn and depressed, disturbed by the suffering he saw around him on the streets of Dublin. In 1928 Beckett took a post as lecturer in English at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he joined the circle of fellow expatriate Irishman and lover of words James Joyce, who became his friend and mentor and inspired much of Beckett’s early prose. Beckett’s first published work began to appear, including essays on Joyce and Proust, as well as his first poem, “Whoroscope,” a brilliant 98-line deconstruction of Descartes, written on a whim over dinner for a poetry contest. In 1930, Beckett returned briefly to Ireland to teach, but soon discovered that he hated the academic life. Deeply depressed by a bitter argument with his mother, who threw him out of the house in disgust after reading his writing, he quit his post to travel across Europe. When his father died in June 1933, Beckett was devastated by the loss of his closest companion: “I can’t write about him, I can only walk the fields and climb the ditches after him.” After two years in London undergoing intensive psychotherapy, and one last terrible row with his mother, Beckett left the United Kingdom for good, and in 1937 he settled in Paris, where he became a familiar fixture on the literary and artistic scene. By 1938 he had published More Kicks 1 Reprinted from Elizabeth Brodersen’s article in Actor Conservatory Theatre’s ‘Words on Plays, VOL. XVIII, NO. 6. 4 Than Pricks, a collection of ten stories (1934); followed by the poetry collection Echo’s Bones (1935) and his first novel, Murphy (1938). In January of that year, however, he was deeply shaken by the random cruelty of a vicious assault: One night while walking with friends, he was stabbed by a pimp, whose knife narrowly missed Beckett’s heart. When he later visited the assailant in prison to ask him why he had attacked him, the man could only reply, “I don’t know, monsieur. I’m sorry.” While recuperating in the hospital, Beckett became friends with a young piano student, Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil, who would become his lifelong companion (and, in 1961, his wife). As the threat of war loomed, Beckett decided to remain in Paris with Suzanne instead of returning to neutral Ireland; appalled by the Nazis’ treatment of Jews, they joined an underground Resistance cell, for whom Beckett translated smuggled intelligence reports. In 1942, betrayed by a mercenary French priest, they fled Paris just minutes ahead of the Gestapo. Settling in the hill town of Roussillon in the Vaucluse, Beckett waited out the rest of the war working as a farmer, helping the Resistance, and working on the novel Watt (published in 1953). With the cessation of hostilities in Europe in 1945, Beckett visited Ireland briefly before returning to France as a volunteer in a military hospital in Saint-Lô, where he was shocked by the devastation and misery caused by the war. In the winter of 1945–46, he finally returned to his beloved Paris, where the most creatively productive period of his life was about to begin. From Frenzy to Impasse While visiting his mother in 1946, Beckett had a revelation that would utterly transform the way he looked at his life and work. Standing in her room, he became suddenly, glaringly aware of his own stupidity: “Molloy and the other [volumes in the ‘trilogy’] came to me the day I became aware of my own folly. Only then did I begin to write the things I feel.” Struck by an overwhelming compulsion to simplify, he determined to explore his own inner world as the source of his writing, to focus on universal explorations of human poverty, failure, exile, and loss. At the same time, he decided to write only in French, as a way to “cut away the excess, to strip away the color,” to experiment with language with a greater simplicity and objectivity. Galvanized by these decisions, Beckett commenced