International Research Journal of Engineering, IT & Scientific Research (IRJEIS) Available online at http://ijcu.us/online/journal/index.php/irjeis Vol. 3 Issue 3, May 2017, pages: 38~48 ISSN: 2454-2261 Impact Factor: 5.211 | Thomson Reuters: K-4290-2016 : http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v3i3.454 Utilization of Biochar, Compost and Phonska in Improving Corn Results on Dry Land Yohanes Parlindungan Situmeang a Article history: Abstract This study aims to obtain the best dose or optimum dose of biochar, Received: 10 November 2016 compost, and phonska in improving the yield of corn in the dry land. This Revised: 5 March 2017 experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) 3 replication with a Approved: 1 April 2017 nested experiment, where the dose factor was nested in each type of Published: 8 May 2017 fertilizer. The treatment factor consisted of 3 types of fertilizer (J), namely: biochar (B), compost (K), and phonska (P) with 3 fertilizer doses (D) and a control as a comparison. The results showed that the dosage of biochar 10 t Keywords: ha-1 could increase the highest total oven dry weight of 509.31 g, which Biochar; increased by 23.95% when compared with without biochar of 410.90 g. Composting doses of 20 t ha-1 can yield the highest total dry weight of the Dryland; oven of 525.05 g, an increase of 27.78% when compared with no treatment Phonska; of 410.90 g. Phonska dosage of 300 kg ha-1 can give the highest yield of the Compost; dry weight of the highest total plant oven of 563,91 g, increasing by Corn Results; 37,24% when compared with without treatment equal to 410,90 g. The results of this study obtained the optimum dose of biochar 10.52 t ha-1, compost 20,22 t ha-1, and phonska 313,37 kg ha-1 that can be used to improve a yield of the corn plant in the dry land. 2454-2261© Copyright 2017 The Author. Published by International Journal of College and University. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) All rights reserved. Author correspondence: Yohanes Parlindungan Situmeang, Faculty of Agriculture, Warmadewa University, Denpasar-Bali. Email address: [email protected] 1. Introduction Corn of Bisi2 is included in a single cross hybrid class. The stems of corn plants are tall and erect, with a plant height of about 232 cm. The leaves of corn plants are bright green, long, wide and drooping. The position of the corn cob in the middle of the stem height. Medium-sized corn cubes with cylindrical and uniform shapes. Corn weights cover the cob well so as to avoid the entry of rainwater into the cob. The number of rows in a cob hybrid of bisi2 corn ranges from 12-14 lines. Semi-seed type and orange- yellow seed color. Based on the decryption of hybrid maize bisi2, that the potential yield could reach 13 t ha-1 dry pipeline, with an average yield of 8.9 t ha-1 dry pipeline. The weight of 1,000 grains of hybrid corn seeds of 15% moisture content is about 265 g. Entering the age of about 56 days, 50% hair cob hybrid bisi2 corn out and harvest done when corn is ripe physiological age of about 103 days. The main problems in the cultivation of maize in the dry land that causes low productivity, among others the use of low yield potential varieties, low plant population, low fertilizer dosage, nutrient availability and low organic matter content in soil, and water stress due to drought. According to [1], the a Faculty of Agriculture, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Bali 38 IRJEIS ISSN: 2454-2261 Impact Factor: 5.211 39 main constraints are often found in dry land is low productivity level, characterized by soil with advanced weathering, thick red solum, high clay content, acid soil reactions, cation exchange capacity and low base saturation, poor nutrients especially phosphorus, low organic matter content, high iron and aluminum content exceeding the limit of plant tolerance and erosion sensitive. The low quality of dry land can be rehabilitated with the use of balanced fertilizers, namely the availability of organic materials and inorganic materials in the soil. Organic materials can be biochar soil enhancers and compost, while inorganic materials are NPK phonska fertilizers. The use of biochar in dryland can increase the total C-total, pH, and CEC content of the soil, increasing the soil's ability to water and nutrient. Biochar can be produced by pyrolysis through incomplete combustion of agricultural waste biomass especially bamboo waste. This pyrolysis-biochar can be used as a soil enhancer to bind carbon, producing excellent fibers and highly porous charcoal which helps the soil to retain nutrients and water [2]. Biochar is added to the soil to improve soil function and reduce emissions from biomass that naturally break down into greenhouse gasses. Biochar in the soil is recalcitrant which is weather resistant or difficult to decompose and can improve soil physical properties and low soil quality in the dry land [3]. Biochar affects soil quality in various ways, including increasing porosity, volume weight and water availability, increasing pH, C-organic, P, K, and CEC, reducing N leaching and increasing microbial population activity [4], [5]. The use of compost is very helpful in improving the degraded soil because organic fertilizer can bind nutrients that easily disappear and help in the provision of soil nutrients so that the efficiency of fertilization becomes higher. Provision of compost fertilizer, in addition, can increase the availability of nutrients, can also improve soil physical properties such as aggregate stability, volume weight, total pore space, plasticity, permeability, and holding a power of water. The nutrients derived from compost are required by soil microbes to be transformed from complex organic forms that the plant can not utilize into simple organic and inorganic compounds that can be absorbed by plants [6]. Organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms into elements that are returned to the soil such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, etc. as nutrients that can be reused by plants so that the nutrient cycle runs properly. The use of phonska containing 15% N, 15% P, 15% K, and 10% S can increase production and quality of harvest, increase plant resistance to pest and disease diseases, make plants greener, spur root growth, spur interest formation, and enlarge the size of fruits, tubers, and seeds [7]. Nutrient concentration in phonska compound fertilizer shows that this fertilizer has balanced nutrient availability. Compound fertilizers can be used at the beginning of planting to accelerate the development of seedlings and as follow-up fertilizer when the plant enters the generative phase when the plant begins to bloom or bear fruit [8]. Research on the use of biochar, compost, and phonska, especially to get the right dose for soil quality improvement and corn production is still very limited. Results of the study [3], indicated that the introduction of biochar soil enhancers with doses of 5.0-7.5 t ha-1 was able to improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, by increasing the percentage of available pore water, P- available, K-total, CEC, and respiration of soil microorganisms. Furthermore, [5], reported that biochar utilization with a dose of 12 t ha-1 had a significant effect on soil quality improvement, ie volume weight and K-available, while also significantly affecting corn plant height. The results of the study [9], reported that biochar dose of 10 t ha-1 had the significant effect on plant height, the total wet weight of the plant, and total oven dry weight of corn plant. Giving biochar of rice husks 9,28 t ha-1 on soil contaminated garment waste can decrease the weight of contents, increasing porosity, CEC, P-available, K-available, and decreasing concentration of heavy metals Cu, Pb, Cd, and Cr in In the soil, as well as increasing the dry weight of oven stover and corn crop yields [10]. Biochar dosing of 10 t ha-1 and phonska 300 kg ha-1 fertilizer and 20 t ha-1 compost can increase the growth and yield of maize crops [11]. Furthermore, [12] doses of bamboo biochar 5-10 t ha-1 gave the best fresh weight of the cob and the compost dosage of 7.5- 15.0 t ha-1 gave the best results in plant height, fresh weight of cob, and fresh weight Corn stover. Research on the benefits of biochar, compost, and phonska is still needed to improve corn yield in the dry land. The improvement of corn production on dry land is very strategic in the future through the improvement of agricultural cultivation, especially the utilization of soil biochar, compost, and phonska fertilizer. This study aims to obtain the best dose or optimum dose of biochar, compost, and phonska in improving the yield of corn crops in the dry land. The hypothesis proposed in this study is that the dosage of biochar 10 t ha-1, compost 20 t ha-1, and phonska 300 kg ha-1 can increase the yield of corn. 2. Research Methods 2.1 Research Design This experiment used a randomized block design (RBD) 3 replication with a nesting experimental pattern, where the dose factor was nested in each type of fertilizer. The treatment factor consisted of 3 Utilization of Biochar, Compost and Phonska in Improving Corn Results on Dry Land (Yohanes Parlindungan Situmeang) 40 Impact Factor: 5.211 ISSN: 2454-2261 types of fertilizer (J), namely: biochar (B), compost (K), and phonska (P) with 3 fertilizer dosage levels (D) and a control as a comparison so that 10 treatments were obtained with a total of 30 experimental units.