PROCEEDINGS ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS, 82nd Annual Meeting of the Virginia Academy of Science, May 26-28, 2004, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia Aeronautical and Aerospace Sciences SOME EVENTS FROM THE FIRST 100 YEARS OF MANNED POWERED FLIGHT. M.Leroy Spearman, Systems Analysis Branch, NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681. The means of human transportation took on a new dimension in 1903 when the Wright Brothers achieved manned, powered flight. The advent of the airplane provided an increase in speed and increased utility in the field of transportation. The airplane became a vital part of the commercial air transportation system and was also developed as a major component of military systems. The airplane was progressively modified and improved during the first half of the 20th Century. Near mid-century, a significant design change came about with the introduction of jet and rocket propulsion. Speed that was limited by propeller operation could now be increased. New designs appeared for higher speed flight and with the use of large rocket engines, access to space was attained. A SURVEY OF AEROSPACE VEHICLE DESIGN TYPES - THE NEXT 100 YEARS. M.Leroy Spearman, Systems Analysis Branch, NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681. Near the mid-20th Century, a significant design change for aircraft came about with the introduction of jet and rocket propulsion. Speed that was limited by propeller operation could now be increased. New designs appeared for higher speed flight. With the use of large rocket engines, access to space was attained with the prospect of space flight clearly in mind. Rresearch was undertaken by the NASA to develop an airframe and propulsion system suitable for spaceflight. Concepts have been proposed for high-speed flight within the atmosphere as well as for special transatmospheric vehicles that could reenter the atmosphere from space to perform certain missions. Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture Science CATFISH SPAWNING AND FINGERLING PRODUCTION IN VIRGINIA. David Crosby and Scott H. Newton, Cooperative Extension, PO Box 9081, VSU, Petersburg, VA 23806. Catfish raised in earthen ponds in Virginia spawn from Mid-June through the first week of July. Catfish spawn when pond temperature reaches 75oF. This occurs in ponds during the month of May in the Southern States that produce catfish while in Virginia it is June. The obvious outcome is that catfish producing states have a larger fingerling in one growing season when fry are stocked at 100,000 fry/acre then Virginia. The question was asked how to produce fingerlings similar in size that are found in these states given Virginia's climatic condition and growing season. Catfish fingerling density studies were initiated to solve this problem. Ponds were stocked with fry in late June and early July of 2002. Stocking densities were 20,000 fry/acre and 40,000 fry/acre. The objective of this study was to produce a fingerling by the following year (2003) that was at 60 lbs./1000 fish, which is the typical size of fingerlings found in these catfish producing states. The catfish fingerlings were harvested in 2003 during early April. Catfish fry stocked at 20,000 fry/acre resulted in fingerlings ranging from 62.4 lbs/1000 fish to 97.3 lbs/1000 fish (a fingerling of 6 to 7 inches) and the 40,000 fry/acre was 34.6 lbs./1000 fish (a fingerling about 5 inches). The objective of the study for size of fingerling required was met by stocking 20,000 fry/acre. 4 VIRGINIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE WINTER GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION OF RAINBOW TROUT. Brian L. Nerrie, Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg VA 23831. Niche marketing is profitable for greenhouse aquaponic farmers supplying high-value plant and fish products. Aquaponic tilapia culture in greenhouses may be limited to summer production due to high energy costs of maintaining optimum water temperatures. A cold season alternative is to substitute rainbow trout. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of winter greenhouse production of high- value rainbow trout and test consumer acceptance. Rainbow trout were stocked at a rate of 250 fish in a 3000 gallon greenhouse fish tank. Water was recirculated by airlift pump through an adjacent 1000 gallon biofilter. Trout were fed daily from December through April with a 38% protein 3 mm floating pellet. Feed was delivered over an eight hour period by belt feeders to limit spikes in low- dissolved oxygen. Supplemental oxygen was provided by agitation. Water was added to replace loss due to evaporation. Dissolved oxygen did not drop lower than 5 ppm. Monthly tank water temperatures (oC) averaged 11.4, 11.7, 12.6, 18.4, and 21.9 for December through April. A taste test of harvested trout (220 g) indicated no difference between cage and tank reared fish. Harvested trout were smoked and found comparable to gourmet smoked trout of similar size marketed at $8.00 per fish. SALINITY TOLERANCE EXHIBITED BY RAINBOW TROUT USED FOR BAIT IN RECREATIONAL SPORT FISHING. Scott H. Newton, Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. A series of trials were conducted during the spring, 2003, to evaluate the ability of small (ranging from 4 to 8 inches) rainbow trout to survive transfer from fresh to saline waters. Previously conducted research has shown the feasibility of holding and handling small caged trout for use as live bait for recreational fishing. Trout transferred from cages (65 to 70 F) to holding tanks (60 to 65 F) survival was 100% after 48 hrs and 75% after 72 hrs at 15 ppt salinity. Under similar conditions, trout transferred from fresh water directly to 20 ppt salinity all died in less than 2 hours. Fish survival when transferred from fresh water to 15 ppt salinity for 24 hr, then to 20 ppt salinity, was less than 20% after 72 hrs. Bait trout may be transferred from cages to holding tanks with fresh water at temperatures ranging from 60 to 70 degrees F. Bait trout may be transferred from fresh water tanks to transport containers with 15 ppt salinity and used for fishing in waters with salinity up to 20 ppt. Bait trout transported and held under carefully managed conditions should live up to 3 days; thereby serving their intended purpose as live fishing bait. HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE LEAF GLANDULAR TRICHOMES FROM VERNONIA GALAMENSIS (CASS.) LESS.. Francoise Favi, Shaunte Tucker, Rasheda McClee & Mark Kraemer, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg VA 23806. Leaves of Vernonia galamensis ethiopica are being investigated for discovery of novel molecules applicable in agriculture and human health. Leaves of this plant have a bilobed peltate and a capitate awl shaped glandular trichomes on the lower side and the awl shape on the upper side of the leaf. Clarified leaf tissues (1 cm2 ) were stained to detect terpenoids (NADI reagent), essential oils (Nile blue & Sudan red 7B), lipid (Sudan black B and Sudan III) and polysaccharides (Toluidine blue O and Ruthenium red). Polyssacharides, essential oils and terpenoids were observed within both glands. Stronger staining for essential oils was observed in the peltate than in the capitate trichomes and suggested that the former contained more essential oils than the capitate gland. Cells adjacent to the capitate gland also reacted to polysaccharide stains. This suggested greater production of sugar and metabolic activity in epidermal cells surrounding the trichomes on the adaxial leaf surface. SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF A NATIVE BEE FOR FRUIT POLLINATION IN VIRGINIA. Mark E. Kraemer & Francoise Favi, Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. The eastern subspecies of the blue orchard bee (BOB), Osmia lignaria lignaria (Say) is similar to the western subspecies that is currently used in western orchards. These “pollen bees” are superior to honey bees as pollinators because of their greater focus on pollen collection, method of transporting pollen, limited foraging range, and activity in cool, cloudy weather. Artificial nest boxes were used to monitor a local BOB population near the Appomattox PROCEEDINGS 5 River in southern Chesterfield County. Male bees first emerged when temperatures remained above 9oC for 48 hours. Because adult bees were present several weeks before apple trees flower it is important that other sources of nectar and pollen are present early in the year. Over 30 nearby plant species flowered during and prior to the completion of the earliest nest cells. A scanning electron microscope was used to identity 300 pollen grains from 22 of the earliest constructed nest cells from 5 locations. Box elder (Acer nigra) and eastern red bud (Cercis canadensis) provided 58% and 41% of the pollen found in the samples, respectively. All cells contained some box elder pollen, four with 100%. Nest cell construction peaked about the time of apple blossom and continued for several weeks after. VERNONIA GALAMENSIS LEAVES INFESTED WITH WHITEFLIES: HISTOCHEMICALS STUDIES OF THE TRICHOMES. Shaunte Tucker, Rashida McClee, Mark Kraemer & Francoise Favi. Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University, Petersburg VA 23806. Leaves of Vernonia galamensis have long been used in traditional African medicine and to control pests. We have identified glandular peltate trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface as a source of pesticidal compounds, including toxicity to the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium). However, this whitefly successfully infests and kills these plants. Previous studies showed that the copius wax produced by these whiteflies coated the glandular trichomes and we hypothesized that the wax may be changing the physical and chemical properties of the peltate glandular trichome. Infested and non-infested leaves tissues of Vernonia galamensis subspecies ethiopica were stained with dyes specific to terpenoids, carbohydrate and lipid compounds. Trichomes stained for terpenoids, essential oils, and polysaccharides on non-infected leaves but did not stain infested leaf trichomes.