Hydrologic Investigations Concerning Lead Mining Issues in Southeastern Missouri Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5140 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover photographs. Current River (photograph courtesy of David J. Weary, U.S. Geological Survey). Insets: Top, Blue Spring near Owls Bend (photograph courtesy of Jeffrey L. Imes, U.S. Geological Survey). Middle, Woodland crayfish (photograph courtesy of John M. Besser, U.S. Geological Survey). Bottom, West Fork Mine (photograph courtesy of Michael J. Kleeschulte, U.S. Geological Survey). Hydrologic Investigations Concerning Lead Mining Issues in Southeastern Missouri Edited by Michael J. Kleeschulte Contributions by Cheryl M. Seeger, Michael J. Kleeschulte, Lopaka Lee, Gary W. Krizanich, Suzanne R. Femmer, and John G. Schumacher Volume comprises Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5140 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 This and other USGS information products are available at http://store.usgs.gov/ U.S. Geological Survey Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 To learn more about the USGS and its information products visit http://www.usgs.gov/ 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Kleeschulte, M.J., ed., 2008, Hydrologic investigations concerning lead mining issues in southeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5140, 238 p. iii Forward Good stewardship of our Nation’s natural resources demands that the extraction of exploit- able, minable ore deposits be conducted in harmony with the protection of the environment, a dilemma faced by many land and water management agencies in the Nation’s mining areas. As ore is mined, milled, and sent to the smelter, it leaves footprints where it has been in the form of residual trace metals. Often these footprints become remnants that can be detrimental to other natural resources. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the earth’s complex physical and biological processes and their interactions at increasingly smaller scales because subtle changes in one component can substantially affect others. Understanding these changes and resulting effects requires an integrated, multidisciplinary scientific approach. As ore reserves are depleted in one area, additional exploitable deposits are required to replace them, and at times these new deposits are discovered in previously unmined areas. Informed decisions concerning resource management in these new, proposed mining areas require an understanding of the potential consequences of the planned mining actions. This understand- ing is usually based on knowledge that has been accumulated from studying previously mined areas with similar geohydrologic and biologic conditions. If the two areas experience similar mining practices, the information should be transferable. Lead and zinc mining along the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict of southeastern Missouri has occurred for more than 40 years. Additional potentially exploitable deposits have been dis- covered 30 miles to the south, within the Mark Twain National Forest. It is anticipated that the observation of current (2008) geohydrologic conditions in the Viburnum Trend can provide insight to land managers that will help reasonably anticipate the potential mining effects should additional mining occur in the exploration area. The purpose of this report is to present a compilation of previously unpublished information that was collected as part of a larger multidisciplinary study of lead mining issues in southeastern Missouri. The report resulted from the application of a multidisciplinary approach to investigate current hydrologic and biologic conditions in streams of the Viburnum Trend and the exploration area in the Mark Twain National Forest. Michael E. Slifer Director, Missouri Water Science Center iv v Volume Contents 1. History of Mining in the Southeast Missouri Lead District and Description of Mine Processes, Regulatory Controls, Environmental Effects, and Mine Facilities in the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict ..............................................................................................1 by Cheryl M. Seeger 2. Seepage Runs on Streams Draining the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict, Southeastern Missouri, August 2003–October 2006 ......................................................................................35 by Michael J. Kleeschulte 3. Distribution of Mining-Related Trace Elements and Sulfide-Mineral Occurrence in Streambed Sediment of the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict and Non-Mining Areas, Southeastern Missouri, 1992–2002 .............................................................................67 by Lopaka Lee 4. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Trace-Element Deposition in Bed Sediment from Clearwater Lake, Southeastern Missouri, 2002 ............................................................95 by Gary W. Krizanich 5. National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Black River Synoptic Study, Southeastern Missouri, 1993 and 1995......................................................................141 by Suzanne R. Femmer 6. Water Quality of the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict, Exploration Area, and Strother Creek, Southeastern Missouri, 1964–2006 ............................................................................161 by Michael J. Kleeschulte 7. Water-Quality Trends and Effects of Lead and Zinc Mining on Upper Logan Creek and Blue Spring, Southeastern Missouri, 1925–2006 .........................................................193 by John G. Schumacher vi Conversion Factors, and Datums Inch/Pound to SI Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) Area acre 4,047 square meter (m2) square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) Volume gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) million gallons (Mgal) 3,785 cubic meter (m3) Flow rate foot per second (ft/s) 0.3048 meter per second (m/s) cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s) Mass ounce, avoirdupois (oz) 28.35 gram (g) pound, avoirdupois (lb) 0.4536 kilogram (kg) ton, short (2,000 lb) 0.9072 megagram (Mg) ton per day (ton/d) 0.9072 metric ton per day Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F=(1.8×°C)+32 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C). Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (µg/L). vii Acronyms ANC Acid Neutralizing Capacity BM-60 Streambed Sediment Sampler C3 Non-magnetic Heavy Minerals Fraction in Streambed-Sediment Samples DGLS Division of Geology and Land Survey DH-81 Hand-held, Depth Integrating Water-Quality Sampler EPT Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Tricoptera EWI Equal-Width Increment HWP Hazardous Waste Program ICP-AES Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry IQR Interquartile Range LDS Latter Day Saints LRP Land Reclamation Program MAG-1 Marine Mud from Gulf of Mexico MDC Missouri Department of Conservation MRL Method Reporting Level MVT Mississippi Valley Type N Normal NAWQA National Water-Quality Assessment NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory ONSR Ozark National Scenic Riverways PEC Probable Effects Concentration PVC Polyvinyl Chloride RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RSD Relative Standard Deviation SCUBA Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus TDS Total Dissolved Solids TEC Threshold Effects Concentration USGS U.S. Geological Survey WMA Waste Management Area viii History of Mining in the Southeast Missouri Lead District and Description of Mine Processes, Regulatory Controls, Environmental Effects, and Mine Facilities in the Viburnum Trend Subdistrict By Cheryl M. Seeger1 Chapter 1 of Hydrologic Investigations Concerning Lead Mining Issues in Southeastern Missouri Edited by Michael J. Kleeschulte 1Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5140 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................5 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................7 Previous