Longing and belonging within an academic family of the 19th century: the example of Clarissa and Leopold von Ranke Andreas D. Boldt Discussions about longing and belonging usually refer to the status of national, regional, ethnic, religious, social, political, groups and individuals, whether rooted or displaced. This essay proposes to adopt a different perspective and to examine the sense of longing and belonging at the level of a family unit, here a 19th-century couple, the world-renowned historian Leopold von Ranke and his wife Clarissa. How did their sense of longing and belonging differ? What was their perception of each other’s national group? How did they establish their common belonging to a state in Central Europe? Related questions, such as how to overcome classes and national belonging, how to deal with longing or transfer of belonging, languages and perceptions, will also be examined. The Rankes’ experience offers a particularly apt study-case within the context of transnational European identity. Who were Clarissa and Leopold von Ranke? Before I discuss their relations to be/longing, I wish to situate the Rankes in relation to their respective cultural backgrounds. The German historian Leopold von Ranke was born in Germany in 1795. His first Between, vol. VII, n. 13 (Maggio/ May 2017) Andreas D. Boldt, Longing and belonging within an academic family of the 19th century major work, Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514 (History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations, 1494-1514), was published late in 1824. It was based on archival research, viewed by Ranke as the foundation of all historical work, and it established his professional reputation. The most influential part of the work was its appendix in which Ranke assessed previous literature on the basis of the critical analysis of sources, a method which made him the founder of modern source-based, scholarly history. It was in the preface to his work that he stated his often-quoted dictum, that he was writing history ‘wie es eigentlich gewesen’, as it had actually occurred1. Due to the success of his work, Ranke was appointed Professor of History at the University of Berlin. He went abroad late in 1827 and remained away for over three years, researching in Vienna, Florence, Rome and Venice. He had several personal connections which he put to good use to secure access to previously sealed archives. Subsequent years were marked with publications, mainly on the history of the Mediterranean countries and Germany. Particularly noteworthy are Ueber die Verschwörung gegen Venedig, im Jahre 1618 (The Conspiracy against Venice; 1831), Die römischen Päpste, ihre Kirche und ihr Staat im sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhundert (History of the Popes; 1834-36), Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (History of Germany during the Reformation; 1839-47) and the Neun Bücher Preußischer Geschichte (History of Prussia; 1847-8). Ranke trained the first generation of modern professional historians in Berlin, including Georg Waitz and Jakob Burckhardt. King Maximilian II of Bavaria was inspired by him to establish a Historische Kommission (Historical Commission) within the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Bavarian Academy of Sciences) to which Ranke was appointed as chairman in 1858. During his later years, Ranke wrote national histories for each of the major states of Europe, including his History of France (1852-61), History of England (1859-68) and The German powers and the Princes’ League (1871). As Ranke’s reputation continued to grow, he was awarded many honours: he was granted entry to the hereditary nobility, adding ‘von’ to his surname in 1865, and he was 1 Ranke 1824: v-vi. 2 Between, vol. VII, n. 13 (Maggio/May 2017) made an honorary citizen of Berlin in 1885. Ranke’s university career concluded in 1871 when he retired from his position as professor. However, he continued to write and, by the time of his death in Berlin in 1886, he had completed nine volumes of his Universal History2. Leopold von Ranke endeavoured to understand political order within its own historical context. To understand the nature of historical phenomena, such as an institution of an idea, one had to consider its historical development and the changes it underwent over a period of time. Historical epochs, Ranke argued, should not be judged according to predetermined contemporary values or ideas. Rather, they must be understood on their own terms by empirically establishing historical evidence. Ranke emphasised both individuality and development in history. For him, each historical phenomenon, epoch or event had its own individuality, and it was the task of the historian to establish its essence. To do this, historians had to immerse themselves in the subject they studied and assess it in a manner appropriate for its specific time. They had ‘to extinguish’ their own personality3. Ranke was convinced, as evident in all his work, that there was meaning and coherence in history and that the established political institutions embodied moral forces, yet he rejected the reduction of history to a grand scheme. In his opinion, the historian had to proceed from the particular or individual to the general, not the reverse, and it was the particular that opened the path to an understanding of the great moral forces that manifest in history. With his seminar programme at the University of Berlin, Ranke set a model for training historians in systematic, critical research methods, a model employed throughout the world as history became a professional discipline. Ranke was in fact a modern historian with a sense of be/longing with a clear awareness of identity and he made important contributions to the emergence of modern history and is generally recognised as the father of the scientific historical school of the 2 For further details see also Boldt 2015. 3 Leopold von Ranke, Englische Geschichte, vornehmlich im 17. Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1860, vol. ii: 1; Leopold von Ranke, A History of England, principally in the seventeenth century, Oxford, 1875, vol. i: 467. 3 Andreas D. Boldt, Longing and belonging within an academic family of the 19th century nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Thanks to him, methodical principles of archival research and source criticism became commonplace in academic institutions4. Ranke’s wife, Clarissa, is much less-known. Nevertheless, recent research has shown that she had a notable impact on her husband’s later career. Clarissa Helena Graves, born in Dublin in 1808, came from a well-known Anglo-Irish family, who formed, in effect, an intellectual dynasty. The roots of the Graves family went back to 1647, when Colonel Graves of Mickleton in Gloucestershire in England commanded a regiment of horses in the army of the Parliament,5 volunteering for service in Ireland the same year. As a result of the Cromwellian Land Settlement, the Graves family acquired lands and later public office in Limerick. Clarissa’s father, John Crosbie Graves, was Chief Police Magistrate in Dublin. In 1806, he married Helena Perceval who was from an equally long-established family who had lived in Ireland for centuries. From 1814, Graves lived at 12 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin. Helena Perceval supported her husband in his career and shortly after their marriage, Lord Redesdale, who was a patron of Helena Perceval, appointed Graves a Commissioner of Bankruptcy in 1806.6 Because of 4 Some further information can be found in Peter Gay, Style in History, New York, 1988: 57-94; Felix Gilbert, History: Politics or Culture? Reflexions on Ranke and Burckhardt, New York, 1990: 11-45; Leonard Krieger, Ranke: the Meaning of History, Chicago, 1977. 5 The Irish Rebellion against English rule started in 1641 and was defeated by Oliver Cromwell 1649-52. 6 For further details see Andreas Boldt, The Role of Ireland in the Life of Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886): The Historian and Historical truth, Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press, 2007; the introduction of Andreas Boldt (ed.), The Clarissa von Ranke Letters and the Ranke-Graves Correspondence 1843-1886, Lampeter, Edwin Mellen Press, 2012: 1-66; and Ingrid Hecht, Clarissa von Ranke. Im eigenen Körper gefangen mit blühendem Geist, Göttingen, Selbstverlag, 2013. The main manuscript collection in relation to the family history of the Graves in Ireland is located in Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland, Manuscript Department, Graves Archive, MSS 10047. This collection contains about 3000 documents covering three centuries. 4 Between, vol. VII, n. 13 (Maggio/May 2017) Helena’s reputed royal descent from several medieval kings of England (Edward I), Ireland (MacMurrough), Scotland (David I) and France (Charlemagne and Henry I), the Perceval name was widely adopted by the children7. Due to her Anglo-Irish background, Clarissa had one foot in two different cultures at the same time, which influenced her own identity. She left home at the age of seven, to be educated in England, Scotland, France and Belgium. This education was not unusual for upper-class Anglo-Irish boys, but very unusual for girls during the first half of the nineteenth century. When her father passed away in 1835, she accompanied her mother on several trips around Europe, especially England, France, Germany and Italy. It was on one of these trips in the summer of 1843 that she met Leopold Ranke in Paris. They were married in Bowness, Windermere, England on 26 October 18438. On the same day, Leopold took Clarissa with him back to Berlin. The news of Ranke’s marriage quickly spread throughout Berlin; most people, including the royal family, were surprised «as everyone had been convinced that he would live and die a Bachelor»9. Clarissa was welcomed in the city by friends and scholars of Leopold, as well as the press and even the royal family, and it seems, according to the correspondence of her husband and his family, that it was easy for her to make her life in her new home – although we have no written notes or letters from herself during this time period.