International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume V, Issue IX, September 2018 | ISSN 2321–2705 Development and Validation of Hypersonic Engine Inlet Design Code Phyo Wai Thaw#1, Zin Win Thu#2 #Department of Propulsion and Flight Vehicles, Myanmar Aerospace Engineering University, Meiktila, Mandalay Region, Myanmar Abstract - This paper describes the numerical investigation of Compared to rockets, the scramjets have much higher scramjet inlet and validation through computational fluid specific impulse and do not require an onboard oxidizer, dynamics (CFD). The scramjet inlet design (SID) program was resulting in lower allowable payload weight [1]. The most also developed and used to design a new scramjet inlet geometry suitable air-breathing engine cycle for hypersonic flight is the which satisfies shock-on-lip (SOL) condition at Mach 3. This supersonic combustion ramjet, or scramjet. Although the inlet design was further tested by means of CFD and the inviscid data showed that it meets SOL condition and reached the scramjets have many advantages in hypersonic flight, the required pressure at the isolator exit to get good burning. scramjets do not work and only rockets will do if the mission includes operation beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. Keywords - Scramjet, Oblique Shock, Validation, SID, SOL A scramjet is a variant of a ramjet which has no moving Nomenclature parts but shock wave is taken for compression. The ramjet is slowed a supersonic airstream to the subsonic speed before η = adiabatic kinetic energy efficiency KE_ad entering the combustor whereas a scramjet decelerates the free A = area stream to supersonic flow throughout the entire engine due to l = cowl’s placement from inlet’s tip lack of normal shock [5]. θ = deflection, turning angle Ramjets and scramjets can operate efficiently at ρ = density supersonic and hypersonic speeds, but there tend to be s = entropy limitations to the range of Mach numbers. The vehicle cannot x1 = forebody’s horizontal length be accelerated to take off with both the scramjet and ramjet x2 = intake ramp’s horizontal length which must be coupled with some additional form of propulsion such as turbojet or rocket. The inefficiencies of y2 = isolator’s height M = Mach number slowing the flow down to subsonic speeds make the ramjet difficult to use for speeds exceeding Mach 5 [6]. As flight π = pressure recovery, total pressure ratio c speed increases above Mach 5, reducing the air to subsonic y1 = scramjet inlet’s height conditions produces two problems; (1) significantly increased β = shock wave angle shock losses in the inlet, particularly at the terminal normal R = specific gas constant shock, and (2) significantly increased flow temperatures in the γ = specific heat ratio combustor [1]. P = static pressure There are possible applications for scramjet engines, P0 = total pressure including missile propulsion, hypersonic cruiser propulsion, T = temperature and part of a staged space access propulsion system [7]. The 휙 = reflected shock wave angle main technical challenge is to operate the scramjet engine at the lowest starting Mach number for a hybrid turbojet- scramjet propelled aircraft which could enter service by 2030 I. INTRODUCTION [8]. n the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, many major scramjet The scramjet is composed of four major components: a development programs were started due to hypersonic air- I converging inlet where free stream is compressed and breathing engines give a more efficient than rockets [1]. By decelerated, an isolator which protects the inlet from historical data, the first scramjet demonstration took place in combustor high pressure effects (adverse back pressure), 1960 by Ferri et al [2]. The first successful flight test was the combustor where gaseous fuel is burned with atmospheric HyShot program by University of Queensland in Australia in oxygen to produce heat and diverging nozzle where the heated July 2002 [3]. X-43A set the Guinness World Record for a jet- air is accelerated to produce thrust [4]. powered aircraft with a Mach number of 9.6 in November, 2004 [4]. www.rsisinternational.org Page 108 International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume V, Issue IX, September 2018 | ISSN 2321–2705 calculated, the total pressure ratio through the shock wave is needed to be considered. It is the pressure recovery (πc) which is defined as the stagnation pressure ratio of the compression system. If the difference in total pressure decreases, total pressure recovery increases, and the efficiency is large as shown in the following equation. Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of a scramjet engine [14] II. SCRAMJET INLET The main purpose of a scramjet inlet is to compress and supply a supersonic flow with suitable pressure, temperature Fig. 3 Scramjet inlet with its relevant areas [12] and mass flow rate to combustor for efficient combustion of fuel. It converts kinetic energy to pressure energy. It is a According to [11], adiabatic kinetic energy efficiency can critical component which affects greatly the overall efficiency be calculated in general as follow: of the whole scramjet engine because of the thrust loss 1% for γ-1 each 1% of loss in pressure recovery [9]. The weaker the 2 1 γ shock, the smaller the loss in total pressure. The number of ηKE_ad = 1 - 2 - 1 intake ramps also influences on total pressure recovery. The γ-1 M1 πc total pressure ratio increases if the number of ramps is increased especially more than two or more. B. Compression Requirements There are three different inlet geometries based on the The compression process must be supplied to operate types of compression: external, mixed and internal as shown robust combustion process that is required in supersonic in Fig. 2. The shock waves occur outside of isolator utilized a combustion. The minimum required combustor inlet pressure cowl tip angle in the first type of inlet. The second type is above 50kPa and inlet temperature is above 1000K but the squeezes the flow by both external and internal shock systems maximum combustor entrance temperature should be in the with horizontal cowl tip. The incoming flow is pressurized range of 1440K-1670K to prevent adverse effect of inside the inlet in the last one. The best choice for minimum dissociation [1], [11]. external drag on engine cowl is the second type which is The efficient combustion is required shock-on-lip (SOL) parallel to the relative free stream [1]. condition, which is an important part of inlet design. The SOL condition means that all external oblique shocks hit the cowl tip and reflect exactly to the top corner of the throat as shown in Fig.4 and the shock train is cancelled in the entire region of the isolator [12]. Fig. 2 Different types of compression inlet [1] A. Inlet Performance Parameters The performance of air intake is considered into: (1) capability, or how much compression is performed, and (2) efficiency, or what amount of flow losses is occurred during Fig. 4 Air intake system the compression process [1]. Several parameters can be C. Governing Equations for Design Calculation calculated for a scramjet air intake system in order to evaluate its performance. Some of them depend on inlet geometry and The deflection angle and the shock wave angle can be the flight operating conditions. Some performance parameters evaluated by the following equations [5], [13]. are described by geometric area ratios: (1) air capture ratio 2 2 (A /A ) is related to the amount of air passing through the M1sin β1- 1 1 0 tanθ = 2 cot β engine, (2) aerodynamics contraction ratio (A /A ) is the 1 1 2 1 2 M1 (γ + cos 2β1) + 1 amount that the flow is squeezed, (3) geometric contraction 2 -1 ratio (A0/A2) is related to inlet design [10]. M1-1+2λ cos 4πδ + cos χ /3 tanβ1= Another parameter related to the inlet adiabatic kinetic γ - 1 2 3 1+ M1 tan θ1 energy efficiency (ηKE_ad) which doesn’t take into account 2 heat loss is calculated. If the kinetic energy efficiency is www.rsisinternational.org Page 109 International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume V, Issue IX, September 2018 | ISSN 2321–2705 1/2 2 2 γ - 1 2 γ + 1 2 2 B. Computational Domain λ = M1-1 - 3 1 + M1 1 + M1 tan θ1 2 2 For numerical calculations, two dimensional geometry, 3 γ-1 γ-1 γ+1 steady flow, perfect gas, inviscid models for the airflow were M2-1 - 9 1+ M2 1+ M2+ M4 tan2θ 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 1 considered. Several computational domains with structured χ= λ3 grids were constructed and tested in order to get gird independent result. The domain system shown in Fig. 6(e) Flow properties behind the oblique shock wave can be gave the best result and was used for further investigations. calculated by the following equations [5]. γ - 1 1/2 1+ M2sin2β 1 2 1 1 M = 2 γ - 1 sin (β1-θ1) γM2sin2β - 1 1 2 P2 2γ 2 2 = 1 + M sin β - 1 1 1 P1 γ+1 2 2 ρ2 γ + 1 M1sin β1 = 2 2 ρ1 γ- 1 M1sin β1+ 2 T2 P2 ρ1 = T1 P1 ρ2 T2 P2 s2 – s1 = cp ln - R ln Fig. 6 Various types of computational domain T1 P1 C. Meshing P02 - s2- s1 /R πc = =e P01 For two dimensional computations over the model, a III. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS structured grid consisting of quadrilateral cells were used. The grid independence test must be done by transforming the A. Scramjet Inlet Geometry Selection generated physical model into a mesh with different number Firstly, existing two-dimensional inlet geometry is chosen of node points. It is said to be grid independence when the to do numerical investigation and validation.