Urban regeneration: an integrated city approach E Malan orcid.org 0000-0003-1874-1336 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Urban and Regional Planning at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof JE Drewes Co-supervisor: Dr M Van Aswegen Graduation May 2019 23396016 PLAGIARISM DECLARATION I Esté Malan_________________________________________________________________________ (full name and surname and student number) hereby declare that this assignment / paper / project / portfolio is my own work. I further declare that: 1. the text and bibliography reflect the sources I have consulted, and 2. where I have made reproductions of any literary or graphic work(s) from someone else, I have obtained the necessary prior written approval of the relevant author(s)/publisher(s)/creator(s) of such works and/or, where applicable, from the Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation (DALRO). 3. sections with no source referrals are my own ideas, arguments and/or conclusions. Signature: Student number: 23396016 Date: 19/11/2018 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My most sincere gratitude is extended to the following people, without whom the research would have been an immeasurable struggle; • My family, especially my mother, Alida, and my sister, Rachel. You have been, and always will be, my rock. I thank you for the example that you two continue to set. • My oumie, Q.P., for your words of encouragement and for supporting me in everything I do. • To all my friends, thank you for your continual support. Special thanks to Lené, Dané and Tamsin. • Dr J.E. Drewes (Prof), my supervisor, for your valuable input and guidance; • Dr M. van Aswegen, my co-supervisor, for every comment made, email sent and insight provided. Supervising a distance learning student without one contact session might not have been the easiest of tasks. Nevertheless, you managed to lead effortlessly; • M.B. Bradley, for assisting with the language editing. ii ABSTRACT The urban fabric of South African cities continues to illustrate segregation patterns and growing levels of inequality as a result of apartheid planning. Apartheid planning has conceived the pattern of the city within an extensive framework of spatial and social controls distinctly structured to achieve economic and social design. This study aims to investigate possible mitigation measures in the form of regeneration and integration that will improve the functionality of South African cities. The study is focused in an identified study area i.e. a selected area of the George Municipality in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Segregated urban patterns are familiar in many parts of the world, however, most research has failed to propose substantial solutions for the regeneration of segregated settlements. In the attainment of the aim of the study, the subjects of land use planning and land use management are investigated as foundation for evaluating the level of control over stressors and enhancers of the urban environment. A comparative case study analysis, consisting of two international case studies, respectively in a developed and developing country, and one local case study, serve as foundation on which the recommendations of the study are based. The study concludes with recommendations, grouped into four categories: physical, economic, social and environmental, to encompass the results of a series of programmes for action and strategies for change. Key terms: regeneration; integration; segregation, apartheid planning. iii OPSOMMING Die gevolge van apartheidsbeplanning seëvier steeds in Suid-Afrikaanse stede, wat gekenmerk word deur segregasiepatrone en toenemende vlakke van ongelykheid. Apartheidsbeplanning het stede laat ontwikkel in 'n uitgebreide raamwerk van ruimtelike en sosiale (maatskaplike) beheer wat doelbewus gestruktureer was om 'n sekere vorm van ekonomiese en sosiale (maatskaplike) struktuur te bereik. Hierdie studie het ten doel gestel om moontlike versagtingsmaatreëls in die vorm van regenerasie (herskepping) en integrasie te ondersoek, ten einde stede se funksionaliteit te verbeter. Die studie is gebaseer op 'n geïdentifiseerde studie area, nl. ‘n geselekteerde area van George Munisipaliteit in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid Afrika. Gesegregeerde stedelike patrone is internasionaal redelike algemeen, die meeste navorsing versuim egter om wesenlike voorstelle vir die herstel van gesegregeerde nedersettings te formuleer. Die doel van die studie word bereik deur vakke van grondgebruiksbeplanning en grondgebruikbestuur te ondersoek as basis om die vlak van beheer oor stressors en versterkers van die stedelike omgewing te evalueer. 'n Vergelykende gevallestudie-analise, bestaande uit twee internasionale gevallestudies, een van 'n ontwikkelde en een van 'n ontwikkelende land, en een plaaslike gevallestudie, dien as basis waarop die aanbevelings van die studie berus. Die studie sluit af met aanbevelings, gegroepeer in vier kategorieë: fisiese, ekonomiese, sosiale en omgewingsaangeleenthede, om die resultate van 'n reeks programme vir aksie en strategieë vir verandering in te sluit. Sleutelterme: hernuwing; integrasie; segregasie, apartheidsbeplanning. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... III OPSOMMING .......................................................................................................................... IV CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH ORIENTATION .............................................................................. 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION ................................................... 1 1.3 RESEARCH GOALS AND OBJECTIVES .......................................................... 2 1.4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................. 3 1.5 STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH ........................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................... 8 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK AND DESIGN .............................................................................. 8 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 8 2.2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ........................................... 8 2.3 RESEARCH DESIGN ....................................................................................... 11 2.4 “TRIANGULATION” OF DATA ........................................................................ 12 2.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................ 13 2.5.1 Literature study ................................................................................................. 14 2.5.2 Empirical investigation ...................................................................................... 14 v 2.6 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................... 17 URBAN STRUCTURE AND MODELS .................................................................................... 17 3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 17 3.2 THEORIES OF URBAN MODELS AND SPACE .............................................. 17 3.2.1 Central place theory.......................................................................................... 18 3.2.2 The economics of location ................................................................................ 21 3.3 GEOGRAPHIC MODELS ................................................................................. 23 3.3.1 Demographic models ........................................................................................ 24 3.3.2 Models of economic development and settlement distribution .......................... 24 3.4 MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE ................................................................ 28 3.4.1 The concentric zone model ............................................................................... 28 3.4.2 The sector model .............................................................................................. 32 3.4.3 The multiple nuclei model ................................................................................. 34 3.4.4 The African city ................................................................................................. 35 3.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................... 42 LAND USE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 42 4.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 42 4.2