TRENDS IN RADICALISATION THAT MAY LEAD TO VIOLENCE NATIONAL BACKGROUND STUDY GREECE By Dia Anagnostou and Dimitris Skleparis July 2015 With the financial support of the Prevention and Fight against Crime Program of the European Commission, Directorate General Home Affairs. This publication reflects the views only of its authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Contents Table of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 3 List of Tables and Figures ........................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Part I. Legal and Policy Frameworks and Institutional Setting ................................................................ 9 I.1. Legal Framework ........................................................................................................................... 9 I.1.1. Legislation .............................................................................................................................. 9 I.1.2. Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 11 I.1.3. Punishable Offences and Sanctions ...................................................................................... 12 I.2. Policy Framework ........................................................................................................................ 18 I.2.1. Terrorism and Organised Crime ........................................................................................... 18 I.2.2. Hate Speech and Hate Crime ................................................................................................ 21 I.2.3. Hooliganism ......................................................................................................................... 21 I.3. Institutional Setting ...................................................................................................................... 23 Part II Trends in Radicalisation .............................................................................................................. 27 II.1. Right and Left Wing Radicalisation ........................................................................................... 27 II.1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 27 II.1.2. Ideology and ideas ............................................................................................................... 29 II.1.3. Organisational forms and actors .......................................................................................... 33 II.1.4. Repertoire of actions ........................................................................................................... 41 II.1.5. Institutional and law enforcement responses ....................................................................... 44 II.1.6. Root causes and motivations ............................................................................................... 47 II.2. Islamist Radicalisation ................................................................................................................ 49 II.2.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 49 II.2.2. Ideology and ideas ............................................................................................................... 56 II.2.3. Organisational forms and actors .......................................................................................... 57 II.2.4. Repertoire of actions ........................................................................................................... 59 II.2.5. Institutional and law enforcement responses ....................................................................... 60 II.2.6 Root causes and motivations ................................................................................................ 62 II.3. Hooliganism ............................................................................................................................... 64 II.3.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 64 II.3.2. Organisational forms and actors .......................................................................................... 65 II.3.3. Repertoire of actions ........................................................................................................... 70 II.3.4. Institutional and law enforcement responses ....................................................................... 71 II.3.5. Root causes and motivations ............................................................................................... 73 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................ 75 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 79 ANNEX I – LIST OF INTERVIEWS .................................................................................................... 84 ANNEX II – TABLES ........................................................................................................................... 85 2 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS AK – Anti-authoritarian Movement (Antieksousiastiki Kinisi) CCF – Conspiracy of Cells of Fire (Synomosia Pyrinon tis Fotias) DAEEV – Directorate for Combating Special Violent Crimes DEAV – Permanent Committee for the Treatment of Violence ECRI – European Commission against Racism and Intolerance EKKE – Communist Movement of Greece (Epanastatiko Kommounistiko Kinima Elladas) ELA – Revolutionary Popular Struggle (Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas) EM – Hellenic Front (Elliniko Metopo) EPEN – National Political Union (Ethniki Politiki Enosis) FYROM – Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia GD – Golden Dawn (Chrysi Avgi) GTD – Global Terrorism Database HFF – Hellenic Football Federation (Elliniki Podosfairiki Omospondia) ICC – Islamic Cultural Centre ISIS – Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant KEM – Communist Revolutionary Front (Kommounistiko Epanastatiko Metopo) KKE – Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistiko Komma Elladas) KKE-es – Communist Party of Greece, the European-oriented communists (KKE Esoterikou) LAOS – Popular Orthodox Rally (Laikos Orthodox Synagermos) MAG – Muslim Association of Greece N17 – Revolutionary Organisation 17 November (Epanastatiki Organossi 17 Noemvri) NA – National Alignment (Ethniki Parataksis) ND – New Democracy (Nea Demokratia) NIS – National Intelligence Service (Ethniki Ypiresia Pliroforion) NOPO – Nazist Organisation of Panathinaikos Fans (Nazistiki Organossi Panathinaikon Opadon) OKDE – Organisation of Communist Internationalists of Greece (Organossi Kommouniston Diethniston Ellados) OMLE – Organisation of Marxists-Leninists of Greece(Organossi Marxiston-Leniniston Elladas) 3 OPPS – Organisation for the Protection of the Popular Struggle (Organossi Prostasias Laikou Agona) OSE – Organisation of Socialist Revolution (Organossi Sossialistiki Epanastasi) PA – Political Spring (Politiki Anoiksi) PASOK – Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Panellinio Socialistiko Kinima) PFLP – Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PLO – Palestine Liberation Organisation PP – Progressive Party (Komma ton Fileleftheron) PKK – Kurdistan Workers’ Party RN – Revolutionary Nuclei (Epanastatikoi Pyrines) RS – Revolutionary Struggle (Epanastatikos Agonas) SR – Sect of Revolutionaries (Sehta Epanastaton) TOFA – Terrorist Organisation of Friends of AEK (Tromokratiki Organossi Filon AEK) UL – United Left (Enomeni Aristera) 4 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Classification of Greek right-wing parties ................................................................................. 32 Table 2 Arrested Individuals for Terrorist Acts per year ........................................................................ 45 Table 3 Incidents and Victims of Racist Violence per year .................................................................... 46 Table 4 Age of Arrested or Prosecuted Individuals for Hooliganism per year ....................................... 66 Table 5 Gender of Arrested or Prosecuted Individuals for Hooliganism per year .................................. 66 Table 6 Gender of Arrested Individuals for Terrorist Acts per year ....................................................... 85 Table 7 Nationality of Arrested Individuals for Terrorist Acts per Gender ............................................ 85 Table 8 Age of Arrested Individuals for Terrorist Acts per Gender ....................................................... 85 Table 9 Gender of Racist Violence Victims per year ............................................................................. 85 Table 10 Top 5 Nationalities of Racist Violence Victims per year ........................................................ 86 Table 11 Nationality of Arrested or Prosecuted Individuals for Hooliganism per year .........................