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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 7619616 JOTHFN. MICHAEL JON THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF GUIDELINES FOR USE AS AN AID IN COMPOSING CHORAL MUSIC FOR e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l age c h o i r s , THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH,D,# 1978 © Copyright by Michael Jon Jothen 1978 THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF GUIDELINES FOR USE AS AN AID IN COMPOSING CHORAL MUSIC FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE CHOIRS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Jon Jothen, B.A., M.A * * * * -k The Ohio State University 1978 Reading Committee: Approved by Marshall Barnes A. Peter Costanza James Major Adviser School of Music ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writer wishes to thank all who assisted in the completion of this study. He is particularly grateful to his adviser, Dr. A. Peter Costanza, and the members of his committee, Drs. Marshall Barnes and James Major, for their criticism, guidance, support and encouragement. Additional thanks are extended to all persons who contributed material to the study. In particular, Drs. H. Wayne Ramsey of The Ohio State University, Mary E. Hoffman of the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, and Bruce Wilson, Curator of the Music Educators National Conference Historical Library, College Park, Maryland. Acknowledgement must be made of friends who, although not professional musicians, contributed to this study. In­ sights provided by Drs. John Belland, Department of Curriculum and Foundations, and James Kittelson, Department of History, The Ohio State University, offered both new directions and comforting aid. Appreciation must be extended to my wife, Gail, for her never-ending support and strength throughout not only this study, but the entire graduate school process. VITA January 11, 1944 . Born: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1967 ................. B.A., St. Olaf College Northfield, Minnesota 1967 - 1969 ........ Instructor of Vocal Music Newaygo Public Schools Newaygo, Michigan 1969 - 1974.......... Instructor of Vocal Music Ashland City Schools Ashland, Ohio 1972 ................. M.A., Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 1974 - 1977 ........ Teaching Associate School of Music The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1977 - 1978 Lecturer in Music The Ohio State University Newark, Ohio 1978 - ................ Assistant Professor of Music University of Northern Colorado Greeley, Colorado PUBLICATIONS On Teaching Junior High School Music. "Enhancing Public School Performance Group Experiences,11 in the Ohio Music Education Journal Triad. May, 1975, p. 29+; reprinted in the Connecticut Music Educator’s Association the C.M.E.A. News. February 1976, p. 20. All Come Sing Alleluia, two part, flute, string bass, piano, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1977. God Made Me, unison, flute, piano, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1975. iii He is Risen, two part, handbells, Choristers Guild, Dallas, Texa“ I975. I Am So Glad, unison, flute, piano, handbells, Beckenhorst bress, Columbus, Ohio, 1976. I Was Glad, SATB/divisi, a cappella, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1976. Little Babe, SATB, piano, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, TTTF. -------- 0 Lord of Love, SATB, a cappella, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus,’Ohio, 1977. Praise the Lord for Everything, two part, flute, piano, beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1978. Rejoice, Give Thanks and Sine, unison, piano, Beckenhorst tress, iolumbus, Ohio, 1976. Sine Hosanna, five parts, string bass, flute, guitar, piano, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1977: reprinted in the Journal of Church Music, December, 1977. Sing Ye Nowell, SATB, a cappella, Beckenhorst Press, Columbus, Ohio, 1975. HONORARY AND PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS Phi Delta Kappa, Pi Lambda Theta, American Choral Directors Association, Music Educators National Conference, Ohio Music Education Association, Choristers Guild, American Guild of Organists. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Music Education Professors Henry Cady, A. Peter Costanza, H. Wayne Ramsey. Minor Fields: Art Education: Professors Robert Arnold, Terry Barrett, Nancy MacGregor, Kenneth Marantz. Church Music: Professors Wilbur Held, Keith Mixter. Composition: Professor Marshall Barnes Conducting and Voice: Professors Maurice Casey, Helen Swank iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................... ii VITA ................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................... x Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT .... 1 The Purpose of This S t u d y ............. 6 Area of Investigation................. 6 Rationale ............................. 7 Definitions ........................... 9 Assumptions ........................... 10 Delimitations ......................... 11 II. RELATED LITERATURE ....................... 13 The Musical Characteristics of Con­ temporary Choral Music ............. 13 The Current State of Contemporary Choral Music for Elementary School Age C h o i r s ................... 20 Composing for Children ................. 22 Pedagogical Factors ................... 26 The Child’s Voice and Vocal Capabilities ....................... 32 Analysis of Choral Music ............... 35 III. PROCEDURES ................................ 38 Identifying Elementary School Age C h o i r s ............................. 38 Identifying and Securing Choral M u s i c ............................... A3 Analyzing Choral Music ................. 48 Developing Guidelines ................. 58 Utilizing the Guidelines ............... 59 v Page IV. RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF CHORAL MUSIC . 61 General Characteristic . ............... 64 Rhythmic Characteristic ................. 72 Melodic Characteristic ................... 77 Harmonic Characteristic ................. 88 Form in M u s i c ........................... 98 Forms of M u s i c ........................... 99 Tempo Characteristic..................... 101 Dynamic Characteristic ................... 105 Tone Color Characteristic ............... 108 V. SUMMARY, PRESENTATION OF GUIDELINES, UTILIZING THE GUIDELINES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................... 110 S u m m a r y .................................. 110 Presentation of Guidelines ............... 112 General Characteristics ................. 113 Specific Characteristics ................. 116 Utilization of the Guidelines ........... 134 Recommendations ......................... 138 VI. COMPOSITIONS ................................ 139 APPENDIXES A. Classification Levels of Non-Descriptive Titled Choral Organizations Appearing at Conventions 1967 through 1976 .......... 158 B0 Compositions Presented by Elementary School Age Choirs at Conventions, 1967 through 1976 ...................................... 162 C. Analyzation Forms Containing Data Secured During Analyzation of Choral Compositions .............................. 172 BIBLIOGRAPHY................ 219 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Listing of Elementary School Age Choirs Appearing at Conventions ................... 41 2. Listing of Choral Compositions by Living, American Composers Which Were Identified For Analysis. Compositions Marked by * Were Secured for Analysis ................. 44 3. Listing of Choral Compositions for Analyzation ................................ 49 4. Number of Compositions Containing Single and Multiple Movements . ................. 64 5. Voicings Employed in Total Movements .... 65 6. Nature and Source of T e x t .......... 67 7. Language of Text ................. 68 8. Presence and Number of Accompanying