BULLETIN of the South Carolina Academy of Science Volume XCI 2018 Including the 91st Annual Meeting Program The South Carolina Academy of Science, together with the South Carolina Junior Academy of Science, is the only statewide interdisciplinary science organization whose membership includes: high school students, teachers, administrators, college students, professors, scientists, related professionals, parents of students, college presidents, business executives, small and large businesses, financial institutions, and institutions of higher education. Its purposes are: • To promote the creation and dissemination of scientific knowledge within the state of South Carolina by stimulating scientific research and publication. • To improve the quality of science education in the state of South Carolina. • To foster the interaction of business, industry, government, education and the academic scientific community. • To improve public understanding and appreciation of science through support of the Junior Academy of Science. • To encourage young people to become involved in science through support of the Junior Academy of Science. The South Carolina of Science (SCAS) was organized in 1924, and in 1927 the Academy affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Publication of the Bulletin of the Academy began in 1935, and in 1973 the Newsletter was established as a vehicle for communication among members. Beginning in the 1960’s, industry and business joined academic institutions in support of the Academy and have helped to set goals to aid and improve the development of science in South Carolina. Its annual meetings provide a forum for the exchange of scientific information among members. Sponsorship of numerous awards, science programs and student research projects are yearly activities of the Academy. THE SOUTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOUNDED 1924, COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA OFFICERS 2017-2018 Kevin McWilliams, President ........................................................................ Coastal Carolina University President-Elect (Position open) ..................................................................................................................... Heather Evans-Anderson, Immediate Past President ............................................. Winthrop University John Kaup, Past President ........................................................................................... Furman University Latha Gearheart, Program Chair ......................................................................... Presbyterian University Vice-President (Position open) ...................................................................................................................... Janie Sigmon, Secretary ......................................................................................... York Technical College Edna Steele, Treasurer .................................................................................................... Converse College John Kaup, Executive Director, SCJAS ....................................................................... Furman University Don Jordan, Director, MESAS, AAAS/NAAS Rep, ........................... Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia Michele Harmon, Electronic Journal ............................................... University of South Carolina, Aiken David K. Ferris, Bulletin Editor ................................................... University of South Carolina, Upstate Bob Wolff, Newsletter Editor ......................................................................... South University, Columbia David McQuillan, SCAS Archivist............................................. Please see the 2018 “In Memoriam” page COUNCIL Mei-Quin Chen ................................................................................................................. The Citadel, 2017 Bill Wabbersen .................................................................................................. Savannah River Site, 2017 Caryn Outten ......................................................................University of South Carolina Columbia, 2017 Melissa Pilgrim ..................................................................... University of South Carolina Upstate, 2017 Will Case ................................................................................................................. Converse College, 2018 Michelle Harmon ..................................................................... University of South Carolina, Aiken, 2018 Marlee Marsh .......................................................................................................... Columbia College, 2020 Eran Kilpatrick ............................................................. University of South Carolina Salkehatchie, 2020 Jeff Steinmetz ............................................................................................................ Francis Marion, 2020 Julia Swygert ........................................................................................................... Benedict College, 2020 Randall Harris ....................................................................................................... Claflin University, 2020 Chad Leverette ......................................................................... University of South Carolina Aiken, 2020 Don Jordan ................................................................... University of South Carolina Columbia, emeritus Bill Pirkle ........................................................................... University of South Carolina Aiken, emeritus Jim Privett ...................................................................... University of South Carolina Sumter, emeritus David Stroup ....................................................................................................... Francis Marion, emeritus Tom Reeves ..................................................................................... Midlands Technical College, emeritus David Stroup ....................................................................................................... Francis Marion, emeritus COMMITTEES Governor’s Awards .............................................................................. Bill Pirkle & Don Jordan co-Chairs Undergrad Research .............................................................................. Eran Kilpatrick, Pearl Fernandes Patron Membership (open) ............................................................................................................................ Necrology ............................................................................................................................ Pearl Fernandez Membership ................................................................................................................ Don Jordan (interim) Publicity ......................................................................................................................................... Bob Wolff State Science Fair Coordinator .................................................................................................. Don Jordan Website ............................................................................... Sean Shuttleworth, John Kaup, Laurie Fladd High School Research Awards ............................................................................ John Kaup, Laurie Fladd Teacher of the Year ................................................................................... Laurie Fladd, Pearl Fernandez Please visit SCAcademySci.org for a full listing of committee memberships Publication information The Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science is published each spring in conjunction with the annual meeting of the South Carolina Academy of Science. For archived copies or to correct errata, please contact the editor at [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Welcome from SCAS President-Elect ..................................................................... 2 Schedule of Events (SCAS General Meeting Schedule) ..................................... 4 Schedule of Events, Junior Academy (SCJAS General Meeting Schedule) .. 5 Plenary Speaker Biosketch ...................................................................................... 6 Governors Awards ..................................................................................................... 7 Teacher of the Year .................................................................................................. 12 Dwight Camper Undergraduate Award .............................................................. 14 In Memoriam ............................................................................................................. 15 SCAS Topical Sessions (Senior Academy Oral Presentations) ...................... 16 Poster Presentations ............................................................................................... 20 Judges (SCAS & SCJAS) ......................................................................................... 24 SCAS Abstracts ......................................................................................................... 25 SC Junior Academy of Science (SCJAS) ............................................................. 45 SCJAS Meeting Schedule ....................................................................................... 45 SCJAS Oral Presentation Sessions .....................................................................