Char Development and Settlement Project Phase IV Bangladesh Feasibility Study on Incorporation of Food Security Issues in the Context of Climate Change in the CDSP Project Areas Technical Report No 11 September 2016 Government of Bangladesh/ IFAD/Government of the Netherlands Implementing Government Agencies - Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) - Ministry of Land (MOL) - Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) - Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) - Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) - Forest Department (FD) and NGOs BETS Euroconsult Mott MacDonald Socioconsult i Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ v List of Abbreviations/Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................................ix 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Consultancy .................................................................................................. 1 1.2.1 General Objective ............................................................................................................. 2 1.2 2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Review of Secondary Materials ......................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Field Study ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.3.2.1 Household Questionnaire Survey ................................................................................ 3 1.3.2.2 Focal Group Discussions ............................................................................................. 6 1.3.2.3 Interviews with Key Informants .................................................................................. 6 1.4 Work Schedule ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Constraints and Limitations ...................................................................................................... 7 2. Findings and Analysis ................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Levels of Food Insecurity/Malnutrition in CDSP Area in Noakhali.............................................. 9 2.1.1 Evidence of Malnutrition ................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Degree of Household Food Insecurity .............................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Coping with Food Insecurity ............................................................................................ 14 2.2 Analysis of Causes of Food Security ........................................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Overview: Food Security and Poverty .............................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Dimensions of Food Security ........................................................................................... 17 2.2.2.1 Food Availability ....................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2.1.1 Agricultural Land Holdings ................................................................................. 18 2.2.2.1.2 Land Productivity ............................................................................................... 23 2.2.2.1.3 Evidence from the Field Studies ......................................................................... 25 2.2.2.2. Stability of Food Production: Climate Change .......................................................... 31 2.2.2.3 Food Access.............................................................................................................. 40 2.2.2.4 Food Utilization ........................................................................................................ 48 2.2.2.4.1 Profile of Household Dietary Composition ......................................................... 48 ii 2.2.2.4.2 Food absorption: Water, sanitation and hygiene as a factor ............................... 50 3. Assessment of Interventions ........................................................................................................ 56 3.1 Overview and Targeting ......................................................................................................... 56 3.2.1 Review of Scope for Protection Measures ....................................................................... 61 3.2.1.1 Areas of CDSP II never empoldered .......................................................................... 61 3.2.1.2 Areas of CDSP II where embankments have been eroded ......................................... 64 3.2.2 Issue of Settlement of Displaced Persons ........................................................................ 68 3.2.3 Agricultural Development ............................................................................................... 69 3.2.4 Social and Livelihood Development ................................................................................. 72 3.2.5 Need for Climate Resilient Internal Infrastructure ........................................................... 75 3.2.5.1 Internal “Retired” Embankments .............................................................................. 75 3.2.5.2 Climate Resilient Roads ............................................................................................ 76 3.2.5.3 Cyclone Shelters, including Killas .............................................................................. 76 3.2.5.4 Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities ...................................................................... 77 4. Component Description ........................................................................................................... 80 4.1 Objectives and Outputs .......................................................................................................... 80 4.2 Risks and Assumptions ........................................................................................................... 82 4.3 Component Implementation Modalities................................................................................. 82 4.4 Economic Analysis.................................................................................................................. 91 4.5 Exit Strategy and Sustainability .............................................................................................. 92 5. Review of Sources of Funding ...................................................................................................... 94 5.1 Bangladesh Funds .................................................................................................................. 94 5.1.1 Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund ........................................................................... 94 5.1.2 Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund ................................................................... 95 5.2 Global Funds (non-Bangladesh-specific) ................................................................................. 96 5.2.1 Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience .................................................................... 96 5.2.2 Global Environmental Facility .......................................................................................... 97 5.2.3 Green Climate Fund ........................................................................................................ 97 5.3 Other Donor Projects ............................................................................................................. 98 6. Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................................... 99 References .................................................................................................................................... 104 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................. 108 Appendix I: Terms of Reference ................................................................................................. 109 Appendix 2: Household Level Questionnaire Survey Instrument Final Draft (edited 16/05/2016) .. 120 iii Appendix 3: Checklist for Community Level Focal Group Discussions on Food Security and Climate Change .......................................................................................................................................... 137 Appendix 4: Detailed Work Schedule ............................................................................................. 148 Appendix 5: Persons Met in Noakhali and Dhaka