1 The English Patient Introduction This interesting article has no author name, nor is it available online no.w If anyone of you know the author, please contact Kate Liu at [email protected] . I found this article enlightening to read both for me and for my graduate students. If the author wants to delete it, I will do so right away. KL http://www.duke.edu/~sdk2/ep/epintro.html Very rarely does a film complete its life cycle with the quiet dignity and unassuming grandeur as did The English Patient. It seemed that everything about the film, from its marketing to its release to the almost indifferent manner in which it captured award after award, carried with it an unassailable essence of the film itself: an air of understated, intellectual romanticism and pensive artistry. Of course, this is precisely the effect that the makers of the film intended. In an industry that relies so much upon image, and to some extent upon how a film is perceived by an audience rather than how it is actually viewed, the marketing of a film is vitally important. What is the film's target audience, and how will they be attracted? What signifiers and beacons must be used and have in past uses enticed their viewership? In short, how must a film be generically constructed in order to be sold? All questions of marketing inevitably come to questions of genre, and of which generic elements of a film can be accentuated (and in some cases fabricated) in order to ensure the best possible audience reaction. A step beyond genre, though, and related to the above-mentioned signifiers and beacons, are aspects of intertextuality , or the precise utilisations of shared knowledge within a generic construct. Intertextuality is invoked whenever a film is marketed based on its principal star personae, or on the previous merits of its director or crew, or in the similarities between it and other films. The English Patient marks a zenith in intertextual relay, a paragon of carefully crafted marketable imagery and assumptions. The factors contributing to its makeup, its marketing, its release, and its critical reviews are among the most beneficial for any film in history. The resultant product is uniformly the object of its own desire, in this case an enigmatic, wonderfully artistic, emotionally compelling love story that is at once complex and ultimately accessible. At least, that is what the marketing would lead one to believe. 2 The questions, then, become clear: how did such beneficial circumstances arise? What exact factors contributed to the successful marketing of the film? How have discursive practices (i.e. reviews and critical commentaries) reflected the impact of the intertextual relay? And perhaps most importantly, how did spectators actually view the film? Is it even possible, in a media-saturated culture, to arrive at a reading of the film that is antithetical to the media-forced view? Commercial Procedures http://www.duke.edu/~sdk2/ep/epcom.html There was no media blitz, there was no market saturation. The overarching image of The English Patient was forged long before its release, before a single person viewed it, and part of that image was directly related to the lack of media attention diverted to the film's early stages. The sheer scarcity of advertising afforded the film an enigmatic, artistic quality early on. After all, there is a popular perception that "artistic" films do not need to and should not be advertised excessively, especially in specifically public arenas (such as prime-time television commercials). In this context, advertising is often associated with pandering to the lowest common denominator; why would a shrewd advertiser place commercials for The English Patient amongst ads for dish soap, used cars, and professional wrestling? In effect, the limited media exposure of the film contributed to its intellectual, almost haughty air. I can personally only remember seeing two television commercials for the film (in comparison to dozens for the other films of the time). This resulted in feelings of curiosity and quite a high level of interest on my part. Here was a film that was obviously superior to its competitors, yet it was being given as little television exposure as possible. Such strategic advertising heavily influenced my decision to see the film. The perhaps begs the question of the film's target audience, and indeed if a specific audience was being targeted at all. Director Anthony Minghella seemed to have a definite target in mind: in an interview with Mr. Showbiz, he remarked, "The audience The English Patient is playing to is much more conversant with fractured narratives and with a more modernist style of storytelling." (1) This statement, combined with the enigmatic format of the advertising, begins to form a cogent picture of the target audience; in essence, the target audience is intellectual. They have familiarity with "fractured narratives" and are likely to be drawn in by puzzling, mysterious advertisements. Further, it is obvious from the Miramax trailers that the film is highly visual in a beautiful, detailed, classically romantic manner, thereby broadening its appeal to an informed audience. [Click here to view the trailer and TV spots.] 3 More specific information about the intended audience, and about the general intertextuality of the film, is contained in Miramax's press release and the official still photographs and posters. There are seven other films mentioned in the press release (listed beside the artist who was involved with each): One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest; Amadeus; The Unbearable Lightness of Being; Truly, Madly, Deeply; Schindler's List; Trois Coleurs: Bleu; and Four Weddings and a Funeral . It is quite interesting that these seven films are indicated in lieu of the dozens of others that involved the members of the cast and production staff, since each of the seven is either an intensely dramatic, artistic endeavour, or a complicated love story, or a combination of the two. From this can be surmised the intended categorisation of The English Patient among other films. Ralph Fiennes is to be associated with his work from Schindler's List , and not with his work from Strange Days or The Baby of Macon . Kristin Scott Thomas is to be associated with Four Weddings and a Funeral , and not with Mission: Impossibl e or Angels and Insects . Producer Saul Zaentz is momentarily forgiven his role in At Play in the Fields of the Lord . The author of the press release chose to intermingle The English Patient with these films for a reason: to provide a broad category into which it might fit. This somewhat undefined genre is fleshed out by the two official movie posters, each one a study in photogenics. In the first and most famous, Ralph Fiennes is standing alone against a golden-brown backdrop, the mountainous horizon giving way to a dusky sky precisely at his waistline. He is staring pensively at something unidentifiable in the distance as the golden sunlight forms what must be called a halo around his head. He is ultimately masculine in this picture; his features are chiselled, rugged, almost dirty. A field of hallmark stubble defines his jawline. The caption above his head, suffused in the holy golden light, reads, "In memory, love lasts forever." The messages of the image are not overtly subtle, but striking nonetheless. Obviously, Fiennes should be associated with a mythical lover, perhaps of the unrequited variety. His presence at the vista of a panoramic mountain range seems to suggest that he is the proverbial master of his domain, yet his intensely disaffected staring over his right shoulder indicates a dissatisfaction with this condition. Clearly, there is something else over which he would rather be master, something to do with love. The result is an image that is appealing to both men and women, highlighting at once his unassailable masculinity and his willingness to abdicate his knowledge (hence his power) to the cause of love. In this case, the film is labelled as an emotionally challenging love story fraught with complex motifs. The other official poster is perhaps easier to read. Encapsulated in the same golden light as the first, Ralph Fiennes and Kristin Scott Thomas are engaged in a passionate 4 kiss. It is an extreme close up of the two, with Fiennes in a dominant position. The desert is visible in the background, as is a bright, orange sun that seems to emanate from Fiennes' head. The message here is much clearer than before: this is a love story. In particular, it is a love story that focuses more on the man than on the woman, all the while maintaining senses of passion, heat, and artistry. It is worth noting that both of the posters are used as the front covers for Picador's re-pressing of Ondaatje's novel. In this sense, the intertextuality of the film has come full-circle: the novel inspired the film, which crafted images based on a popular interpretation of the novel, which was subsequently marketed using the film's fabricated images. Clearly, a vast amount about the film can be interpreted from the posters, and both play an important role in relaying certain aspects of the generic conventions of the film. But even more information is provided by Miramax's still photographs available with the press release. There are twelve of these in all (including one of director Anthony Minghella), and taken together they create a unified feeling for the film. For example, in none of the stills do any of the characters exhibit an overabundance of emotion. Their faces are intricately composed canvases of intensity, each one wavering somewhere between soul-searching and seductiveness.