The effects of isometric handgrip training on carotid arterial compliance and resting blood pressure in postmenopausal women By: Michael Gregory A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Faculty of Human Kinetics in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Human Kinetics at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2012 © 2012 Michael Gregory Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-84413-7 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-84413-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. 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The effects of isometric handgrip training on carotid arterial compliance and resting blood pressure in postmenopausal women By: Michael Gregory APPROVED BY: _____________________________ Dr. Huiming Zhang Department of Biological Sciences _____________________________ Dr. Kevin Milne Department of Kinesiology _____________________________ Dr. Cheri McGowan, Advisor Department of Kinesiology _____________________________ Chair of Defense Department of Kinesiology September 10th, 2012 M.H.K. Thesis – M. Gregory Windsor – Applied Human Performance Author’s Declaration of Originality I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone’s copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published, or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fail dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University of Institution. iii M.H.K. Thesis – M. Gregory Windsor – Applied Human Performance Abstract Reduced carotid arterial compliance (CAC) and elevated resting blood pressure (BP) above the normal (≥120/80 mmHg) increases postmenopausal women’s cardiovascular disease risk. Isometric handgrip training reduces resting BP across populations; however its influence on carotid arterial compliance (an independent CVD risk factor) remains unknown. This study sought to determine the effect of IHG training on CAC and resting BP in postmenopausal women. CAC and resting BP were measured in 8 postmenopausal women (65 ± 6 years; mean ± standard deviation) with elevated BP before and after 8-weeks of IHG training (n=5; baseline systolic BP 138 ± 12 mmHg) or sham-training (n=3; baseline systolic BP 142 ± 22 mmHg). CAC and resting BP remained unchanged following the intervention (P > 0.05), however, clinically significant reductions in resting systolic BP and diastolic BP and were observed. These findings highlight the use of IHG training as an adjunct therapy for this population, however, future study is warranted. iv M.H.K. Thesis – M. Gregory Windsor – Applied Human Performance Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to my family… First and foremost, I’d like to thank my supervisor Cheri McGowan for providing me with unconditional support, encouragement, and copious academic opportunities throughout my time at Windsor. Her direction and guidance has been irreplaceable, and I hope that our continued relationship will reinforce this bond as I continue with my future academic endeavors. I would also like to acknowledge and thank the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Huiming Zhang and Kevin Milne. Their guidance and tutelage over the past two years have been greatly appreciated. I must also thank Dr. Maureen MacDonald, all of the current members of her Vascular Dynamics Lab, Todd Prior and McMaster University for warmly welcoming me into their workspace, offering their expertise, and providing me with the opportunity to work within Hamilton Ontario. This experience has allowed me to build relationships with colleagues which will surely develop into collaborations in the years to come. I am also very grateful to Dr. Phil Millar, who has provided me with continuous guidance and technical expertise throughout the past two years. I would also like to acknowledge and thank the entire Human Kinetics Faculty, specifically Diane Dupuis, Pat McTaggart, Cathy Greenwell, Silvia Jimenez, and Don Clarke, all of whom were selflessly available and were a source of continuous support throughout the entire process. IN NO PARTICULAR ORDER: my best friend Sarah Williams; I cannot begin to describe how you’ve help me over the past two years - your emotional guidance and constant belief in my abilities provided me with a large part of what was required to succeed. I could not ask for a more wonderful friend. Brady, Dave and Lynda Krzemein; your home was always open and welcome. Also, my friends Joel, Jay, Mark, Craig, Diana, Corey, Ryan, Kyle, my cousins Colin and Nathan, my aunts Marissa, Giselle, Terri-Lee, and Becky, my uncles Jimmy, Johnny, Grant and David, Dr. Kenji Kenno, Kali Gawinski, Michelle Dotzert, Josh Seifarth, Sarah Hanik, Martina Kovecavic and the entire PACR Lab, Dr. Nancy McNevin, my fellow graduate students, and my participants, I sincerely thank you all. And most of all, I would like to thank my family; my mother Jean, father Richard, sister Michelle, brother Sean, grandparents George and Jean Pollock and Jim and Joan Gregory, and my loving fiancé Jackie. Thank you all for the persistent encouragement, unconditional support and love. Sean, you have been an irreplaceable role-model and a constant source of inspiration. Michelle, without you I would not have survived my time in Hamilton, I could never thank you enough. Mom and Dad, I could not have asked for more loving and selfless parents. Your values have molded me in to the person I am today, and for that I am truly grateful. And Jackie, your determination and drive in life overshadows all others I know. You have been a constant source of inspiration and are never afraid to remind me of my potential. You are my friend and my soul mate, and I thank you for everything. v M.H.K. Thesis – M. Gregory Windsor – Applied Human Performance Table of Contents Author’s Declaration of Originality...………………………………………………….iii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..iv Acknowledgements………………………….……………………………………………v List of Tables.…..………………………………………………………………………viii List of Figures..…..………………………………………………………………………ix List of Appendices.………………………………………………………………………xi Abbreviations.……………………………………………………………………...…..xiii CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Literature Review…………………………………...1 1.1 Cardiovascular Disease……...………………………………………………...2 1.1.1 Hypertension……………………………………………………………...3 1.1.2 Arterial Blood Pressure…………...…………………………………………4 1.1.2.1 Neural Control of Arterial Blood Pressure………………………..6 1.1.2.2 Local Control of Arterial Blood Pressure………………………11 1.1.2.3 Hormonal Control of Arterial Blood Pressure…………………...11 1.1.2.4 Genetic Basis of Arterial Blood Pressure………………………..15 1.1.2.5 Effects of Anxiety on Arterial Blood Pressure………………….15 1.1.3 Methods for Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure…………………………..16 1.1.3.1 Invasive Techniques……………………………………………...16 1.1.3.2 Non-invasive Techniques………………………………………...17 1.1.4 Pathophysiology of Hypertension………………………………………….23 1.1.4.1 Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance in Hypertension.27 1.1.4.2 Menopause and Hypertension……………………………………29