Governmental Intervention in Foreign Trade in Archaic and Classical Greece Maria Areti Errietta Bissa University College London PhD History Word Count: 89,721 UMI Number: U591412 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591412 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I confirm that this thesis is entirely my own work. All sources and quotations have been acknowledged. All works cited are listed in the Works Cited section. Maria Areti Errietta Bissa 2 Abstract The thesis discusses the role of the state in archaic and classical Greek trade through the study of four commodities, gold, silver, timber and grain, where the state had reason to intervene. Gold and silver were not only a major source of wealth for the producing states but also their import was a concern for many states, since they were the main coinage metals. In the thesis, both the role of the state in production and export and the situation for coin-minting importers using statistical data for silver and case studies for gold are discussed. The study of timber concentrates on shipbuilding timber, particularly for triremes, since naval warfare played such an important role in the historical developments of the classical period. The two main issues discussed are the intervention through monopoly and the means of acquisition used by the importers, concentrating on coercive diplomacy and military pressure. Grain was the main staple food in antiquity and for many poleis its import, regular and extraordinary, was a matter of life or death. The economic policies of the exporters in normal and famine situations and the intervention of the state in imports through legislation are discussed. The thesis shows that Greek states both intervened and involved themselves rationally in the production, export and import of important commodities disproving the modern orthodoxy on the issue, which argues in favour of minimal extraordinary intervention. 3 Table of Contents GOVERNMENTAL INTERVENTION IN FOREIGN TRADE IN ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREECE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................................................................................................4 TABLE OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 TABLE OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Ancient Economy.......................................................................................................................................................8 Theory and Methodology................................................................................................................................................ 18 Governmental Intervention............................................................................................................................................. 29 PART 1: GOLD AND SILVER .........................................................................................................................................................3 8 Gold and Silver: Prolegomena .....................................................................................................................39 C h a pt e r 1: T h e Ex p o r t e r s o f G o l d a n d S il v e r .............................................................................................................. 41 The Iberian Peninsula ......................................................................................................................................................41 Gaul ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 The Thracomacedonian region......................................................................................................................................44 Siphnos................................................................................................................................................................................ 49 Athens...................................................................................................................................................................................50 Greece and the A egean ....................................................................................................................................................54 The Black Sea ....................................................................................................................................................................54 Asia M inor..........................................................................................................................................................................56 C h a p t e r 2: T h e A t h e n ia n S il v e r In d u s t r y ........................................................................................................................ 61 C h a p t e r 3: T h e Im po r te r s o f G o l d a n d S il v e r ...............................................................................................................83 Gold and Silver: Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................126 PART 2: TIMBER AND GRAIN ..................................................................................................................................................134 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 135 Timber: Prolegomena .................................................................................................................................137 C h a p t e r 4: T h e E x p o r t er s o f T im b e r ..................................................................................................................................141 C h a p t e r 5: T im b e r f o r A t h e n s ................................................................................................................................................148 C h a p t e r 6: Fl e e t s o u t s id e A t h e n s .................................................................................................................................... 178 Corinth............................................................................................................................................................................... 178 M ytilene.............................................................................................................................................................................181 The Peloponnesian League........................................................................................................................................... 183 Timber: Concluding remarks .....................................................................................................................188 Grain: Prolegomena ................................................................................................................................... 191 C h a pt e r 7: T h e Ex p o r t e r s o f G r a in .....................................................................................................................................193 C h a pt e r 8: G r a in fo r A t h e n s ..................................................................................................................................................20 9 Law I .................................................................................................................................................................................. 218 Law I I ................................................................................................................................................................................ 221 Law III ..............................................................................................................................................................................