PolicyMatters Newsletter of the IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy (CEESP) Contents Globalisation and governance Issue no. 6 December 1999 Matthias Finger A four-day conference organised by CEESP in collaboration with the Social Science Research Council, Governance issue New York, brought together leading thinkers on the subject of governance in August this year. The objec- tive of Beyond Governance, which took place in Murree, Pakistan, was to apply an emerging understand- Governance and globalisation ing of governance to a concrete issue – within a regional context – in this case South Asia. Through a Matthias Finger 1 selection of papers and extracts of papers presented in Murree, Policy Matters examines the issue of gov- Structural adjustment in Pakistan ernance from a number of different perspectives, leading with a critical examination of the concept of gov- Shahrukh Rafi Khan 10 ernance and its current uses, extracted from a longer paper by Professor Matthias Finger. Criminal appropriations of power The special importance of both the concept and the practice of governance stems from the fact that globalisation Paula R. Newberg 14 has profoundly altered the premises of and the ground-rules for traditional nation-state politics. As traditional, local, Paving flagstones to Hell national and international political institutions are no longer adequate to meet the challenges created by the pro- Dipak Gyawali 17 cess of industrial development, ‘governance’ emerges as a new concept, directly related to the process of glob- alisation. Research project on ‘comprehensive governance’ Globalisation is defined here as the latest stage of a process where technological, economic, ecological, cultural, Matthias Finger 20 and military trends, traditionally observable on a geographically limited scale and scope, are extended to the entire globe. First separately, but increasingly in a synergistic manner – and therefore ever accelerating - these trends Regular features lead to the emergence of new players with new and different (power) relationships among them. Let me briefly CEESP contacts 2 comment here on each of these five trends separately. Letter from the chair 3 New resources 4 Technological globalisation – which is the result of global scientific development – is certainly most fundamental, as this is the process which underlies and accelerates most if not all other processes, in particular those of eco- Network news 21 nomic and cultural globalisation. Key players are techno-scientific institutions, whose aim is to make scientific Forthcoming 24 progress useful for commercial and political interests. As almost all of these institutions work with the same sci- entific rationality, the outcomes of technological globalisation are quite homogeneous. The field of communication perfectly illustrates how technological globalisation influences cultural globalisation. Indeed, whether it is because of the media, communication or tourism, more and more inhabitants of the planet share the same cultural references and define themselves in respect to the same dreams, mostly American ones. This, of course, leads to a certain uniformity, as well as a loss of cultural diversity (e.g., Ritzer, 1998). However, this process of cultural globalisation is not necessarily synonymous with cultural homogenisation, since this new ‘global culture’ is often fragmented and incoherent, victim as it is of rapidly changing fads and fashions. The main actors here are media and entertainment conglomerates, which are in fewer and fewer hands. One must also mention that parallel to the standardisation of culture one can observe a localisation and so-called “ethno-isation” as a reaction to it. It is in the area of economy and business that the phenomenon of globalisation has probably been best studied (e.g., Barnet & Cavanagh, 1994; Dunning, 1993;), and often equated to globalisation per se. However, one must CEESP distinguish here between the globalisation of the financial networks (which are by now almost totally integrated), Commission on Environmental, the globalisation of production, and the globalisation of the markets, i.e., of consumption. As a consequence, the Economic and Social Policy CEESP CONTACTS CEESP Steering Committee Members: Chair : Tariq Banuri Atiq Rahman (Bangladesh), BCAS, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Stockholm Environment Institute Boston/Tellus Institute, 11 Arlington Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; Tel: +88 91 556 95-7 x2147, Fax: +88 Street, Boston, 02116-3411, USA, email: [email protected] 91 558 10, email: [email protected] Vice Chairs Sharukh Rafi Khan (Pakistan), SDPI; email: [email protected] Bina Agarwal (India) Institute of Economic Growth, New Delhi, India; Tel: +91 11 725 7570/725 7424, Fax: +91 11 725 7410, CEESP Representative in Mesoamerica email: [email protected] Pascal Girot (Costa Rica), email: [email protected] Franck Amalric (France), Society for International Development, Via Panisperna 207, 00184 Rome, Italy; email: [email protected] Ring Focal Points Viv Davies/Josh Bishop (UK), IIED Co-chair: Working Group on Ethics Ashok Khosla/George Varughese (India), Development Alternatives (Argentina), IIED-AL Nazli Choucri (Egypt), Department of Political Science, Massachusetts Sergio Mazzucchelli Institute of Technology, E53-490, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, David Okali (Nigeria), NEST MA 02139, USA, Tel: +1 617 253 6198, email: [email protected] Bheki Maboyi/Dorothy Manuel (Zimbabwe), ZERO Sharukh Rafi Khan (Pakistan), SDPI (Bangladesh), BCAS Matthias Finger (Switzerland), University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Atiq Rahman Tel: +33 450 95 3627, Fax: +33 450 95 96 98, email: [email protected] Chair: Working Group on Global Governance and Institutions IUCN Secretariat Support Frank Vorhies Economics Service Unit, IUCN HQ, Tel: +41 22 999 Augusta Henriques (Guinea-Bissau), Secretaire General, TINIGUENA, 0273, Fax: +41 22 999 0025, email: [email protected] Bairo de Belem, BP 667, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Tel: + 245 211 116, Fax: + 245 201168 Cristina Espinosa Social Policy Unit, IUCN HQ; Tel: +41 22 999 0266, Fax: +41 22 999 0025, email: [email protected] Rustem Khairov (Russia), Executive Director, Foundation for the Survival and Development of Humanity, Denezhny Pereulok, 9/5, IUCN HQ, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland Moscow, Russia, Tel: +7095241 8255, Fax: +7095 230 2608, email: [email protected] CEESP Secretariat Erika Spanger-Siegfried, Stockholm Environment Institute Christophe Lefebvre (France), Conservatoire du Littoral, “Le Boston/Tellus Institute; email: [email protected] Riverside”, Quai Girard 62930 Wimereux, France, Tel: +33 321 32 6900, CEESP website: http://ws101.cisti.nrc.ca/ceesp/ Fax: +33 321 32 6667, email: [email protected] Chair: Working Group on Coastal Conservation About IUCN Stephen A Marglin (US), Dept. of Economics, Harvard University; Tel: IUCN–The World Conservation Union–was founded in 1948 and has its +1 617 495 3759, Fax: +1 413 259 1729, email: [email protected] headquarters in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN brings together sovereign Co-chair: Working Group on Ethics states, governmental agencies and non-governmental organisations in a global partnership to influence, encourage and assist societies Yves Renard (St Lucia), Executive Director, Caribbean Natural throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and Resources Institute, Clarke Street, Vieux Fort, St Lucia, West Indies, to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically Tel: +758 454 6060, Fax: +758 454 5188, email: [email protected] sustainable. Chair: Working Group on Collaborative Management The Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy Senior Advisor: (CEESP) is one of six IUCN commissions that draw together a network Mark Halle (Switzerland), Le Viaduc, Rte. des Marettes, CH-1271 of expert individuals. CEESP is an inter-disciplinary commission, whose Givrins, Switzerland; Tel: +41223693754, Fax: +41223693758, mission is to act as a source of expertise on economic and social factors e-mail: [email protected] that affect natural resources and biological diversity; to assist in the Working Group on Trade and Sustainable Development formulation of policies for the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources and the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from CEESP South Asia Committee this use; to contribute to the IUCN programme and mission; and in Chair : performing this mission, to establish itself as a central source of Ashok Khosla (India), Development Alternatives, B-32 Tara Crescent, guidance, support and expertise on environmental policy. Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016, India; Tel: +91 11 685 1158; Fax: +91 11 686 6031; email: [email protected] Policy Matters is published by the Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy of IUCN – the World Conservation Union. Secretary: Edited by Catherine McCloskey, IIED. Shaheen Rafi Khan (Pakistan), SDPI, 3 UN Boulevard G-5, Islamabad, Production: Eileen Higgins and Bridget Tisdall, IIED. Pakistan; Tel: +92 81 21 8134, Fax: +92 81 21 8135, email: [email protected] Articles published in Policy Matters do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of IUCN or CEESP. Letter from the Chair Dear Colleagues, I wish to start by welcoming Nigel Cross as the new the management of protected areas, as well as experienced in the field. The former Executive Director of IIED. Nigel brings extensive experience cataloguing and classifying the co-management put