6WDQIRUG-RXUQDORI &LYLO5LJKWV &LYLO/LEHUWLHV 9ROXPH;9 )HEUXDU\ ,VVXH &217(176 $57,&/(6 7+(&29(1$1732/,&,1*%/$&.%2',(6,1:+,7(63$&(6$1'7+(/,0,762) ,03/,&,7%,$6$6$722/2)5$&,$/-867,&( Jonathan Kahn EPIC %$&.6/,'(7+(6835(0(&2857(1'256(60$1'$725<,1',9,'8$/$5%,75$7,21 $*5((0(1767,0(68321:25.(56 5,*+76 Stephanie Greene and Christine Neylon O'Brien $ERXWWKHStanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties E\WKH%RDUGRI7UXVWHHVRIWKH/HODQG6WDQIRUG-XQLRU8QLYHUVLW\ 6XEVFULSWLRQV 7KH Stanford Journal of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties LV SXEOLVKHG WZLFH D \HDU E\ VWXGHQWV RI WKH 6WDQIRUG /DZ 6FKRRO &URZQ 4XDGUDQJOH 1DWKDQ $EERWW :D\ 6WDQIRUG &DOLIRUQLD 9ROXPHSULFHVDUHGRPHVWLFDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO$OOVXEVFULSWLRQVDUHIRU WKH YROXPH \HDU IURP WR DQG ZLOO EH UHQHZHG DXWRPDWLFDOO\ XQOHVVWKHVXEVFULEHUSURYLGHVWLPHO\QRWLFHRIFDQFHOODWLRQ3OHDVHFRQWDFWWKH %XVLQHVV0DQDJHUDW IRUVXEVFULSWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQ 3RVWDJH 3RVWDJH SDLG DW 3DOR $OWR &DOLIRUQLD DQG DGGLWLRQDO PDLOLQJ RIILFHV 3RVWPDVWHU0DLO\RXUFKDQJHRIDGGUHVVRURWKHUVXEVFULSWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQWR %XVLQHVV 0DQDJHU SJCR-CL &URZQ 4XDGUDQJOH 1DWKDQ $EERWW :D\ 6WDQIRUG&DOLIRUQLD,QFOXGHQDPHQHZDGGUHVVZLWK]LSFRGHDQG ROG DGGUHVV RU PDLOLQJ ODEHO 3OHDVH PDLO FKDQJHV DW OHDVW VL[ WR HLJKW ZHHNV EHIRUHWKHSXEOLFDWLRQGDWHWRHQVXUHSURPSWGHOLYHU\7KH863RVWDO6HUYLFH ZLOOQRWIRUZDUGFRSLHVXQOHVVDGGLWLRQDOSRVWDJHLVSDLGE\WKHVXEVFULEHU 6LQJOH,VVXHV,VVXHVLQWKHFXUUHQWYROXPHDUHDYDLODEOHIURPSJCR-CL IRU HDFKSOXVVKLSSLQJDQGKDQGOLQJIHHV)RUEDFNLVVXHVYROXPHVDQGVHWVLQTXLUH RI:LOOLDP6+HLQ &R,QF0DLQ6WUHHW%XIIDOR1HZ<RUN 2UGHUV PD\ DOVR EH SODFHG E\ FDOOLQJ +HLQ DW YLD ID[ DW RUE\HPDLODWRUGHU#ZVKHLQFRP%DFNLVVXHVFDQEHIRXQG LQHOHFWURQLFIRUPDWRQ+HLQ2QOLQH KWWSKHLQRQOLQHRUJ 0DQXVFULSWVSJCR-CL DFFHSWVRQOLQHVXEPLVVLRQRIXQVROLFLWHGPDQXVFULSWV 3OHDVH VHH KWWSMRXUQDOVODZVWDQIRUGHGXVWDQIRUGMRXUQDOFLYLOULJKWVDQG FLYLOOLEHUWLHVVMFUFOVXEPLVVLRQVIRUIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQ$OWKRXJKQRWSUHIHUUHG VXEPLVVLRQVE\PDLODUHDOVRDFFHSWHG3OHDVHLQFOXGHDQHPDLODGGUHVVZLWKDOO VXEPLVVLRQV &LWDWLRQV 7KH WH[W DQG FLWDWLRQV RI SJCR-CL JHQHUDOO\ FRQIRUP WR The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation WK HG FRS\ULJKW E\ 7KH &ROXPELD/DZ5HYLHZ$VVRFLDWLRQ7KH+DUYDUG/DZ5HYLHZ$VVRFLDWLRQWKH University of Pennsylvania Law ReviewDQGThe Yale Law Journal ,QWHUQHW$GGUHVV7KHSJCR-CL KRPHSDJHLVORFDWHGDW KWWSMRXUQDOVODZVWDQIRUGHGXVWDQIRUGMRXUQDOFLYLOULJKWVDQGFLYLOOLEHUWLHVVMFUFO 6WDQIRUG-RXUQDORI &LYLO5LJKWV &LYLO/LEHUWLHV 9ROXPH;9 )HEUXDU\ ,VVXH (',725,$/%2$5' Editors-in-Chief 0$5<-2/23(= $/(;$1'5$:,//,1*+$0 Executive Editors &/$,5(/725&+,$1$ 5$&+(/:$7(50$1 Managing Editors Articles Editors Special Issue Editors %5(773$5.(5 2/$0,'($%,26( %(1+$77(0 0$5,(/3(5(=6$17,$*2 -$0,('$9,'621 '$9,'0/(9,1( $//,621527+6&+,/' 0(*+$13$/0(5 7+20$6%$5'9(,7&+ %5,7$1<5,/(< (67+(5<8 Development Editors Technical Managing Editor Student Note Editors 9$1(66$*8(55(52 +($7+(5'85+$0 9$1(66$*8(55(52 (8*e1,(,6(0$1 0$5,.$2 &21125*5$17 (8*e1,(,6(0$1 Senior Editors $6+$$/%848(548( 7</(5+(/06 ',$1$6È1&+(= 2/,9,$)/(&+6,* 35,6&,//$+(51È1'(= (/,=$%(7+6$1&+(=6$17,$*2 (/,=$%(7++$11$+ &$52/,1(+,567 6800(5$=86(1$:$// (5,&52'5,*8(= Member Editors +$11$+6&+:$5= 6$5$+%(//(5 &/$,5(*5((1%(5* 5$&+(/562+/ 021,48(&$1',)) .$7+(5,1(*:<1 '$3+1(7+203621 .$7+(5,1(&2/( &21125+$<(6 ,/(6 17(55(,1(5 %5(77',(+/ %(1-$0,1$$521+,**6 0 8 $/(;)$9(/$ .5,67,1&223(5+2//$'$< +(,',9(5+(**(1 -$621)(51$1'(6 &2'<.$+2( 6$5$+=$1', :,//,$0)2:.(6 0$5,$/$%(//$ 0$*'$/(1(=,(5 .$7+(5,1(*,25'$12 6+$:1086*5$9( ǦǡǤ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǦ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǢ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǢ Ǣ ǡ Ǣȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǣ ǢǦ ǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǡǦ ǡȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǦǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤȋǤȌǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǡǢǦ ǡ Ǣ ǡǡǤǤǡǤǤǤǡǤǤȋǤȌǡǢ ǡǢ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǤǡǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤȋǤȌǡǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤȋǤȌǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡ ǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤ Ǥǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡǤ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǦ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǢ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡǤǤ ǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǢ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǦ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǢ Ǣ ǡ Ǣȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǡǤǤǡǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǦ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤȋǤȌǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǣ ǢǦ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǤǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǧ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡȋ Ȍ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣȋ Ȍ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǢǤǤǢ ǡ Ǣȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣȋ Ȍ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǡ Ƭ Ǥ ǡǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤȋǤȌǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǡǦ ǡȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡ ǯǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǤǡ ȋ Ȍ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǢ ǡ Ǣ ǡ Ǣ ǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǧ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǯ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤ Ǥǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡ Ǥǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǤǡǤ ǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǤǡ Ǥ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǡǤ ǤǡǤ ǤǡǤǤǡǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤ ǡ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǣ ǡ ǢǦ ǡ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ Ǣ ǡ ǢǦ ǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǤǡǤǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǡǤǤǡ Ǧ ±ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤ ǤǤǡ ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤǡ ȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ±ǦǡǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡȋ Ȍ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡǤǤǡȋ Ȍ Ƭ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ ǯ Ǥ Ǧ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǤ ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǤ ǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǡǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ ǤǡǤǤǡ ǤǤǡǤǤ ǤǤ .$+1BB),1$/B&/($19 '2127'(/(7( 30 7+(&29(1$1732/,&,1*%/$&. %2',(6,1:+,7(63$&(6$1'7+( /,0,762),03/,&,7%,$6$6$722/2) 5$&,$/-867,&( -RQDWKDQ.DKQ-'3K' ,1752'8&7,21 ,7+(1$55$7,9(2),03/,&,7%,$6 $ :KDWLV,PSOLFLW%LDV" % ,PSOLFLW%LDVLV³(YHU\RQH¶V3UREOHP´ & ,PSOLFLW%LDV0DUJLQDOL]HV5DFLVP ' ,PSOLFLW%LDV&RQVLJQV5DFLVPWRWKH'XVWELQRI+LVWRU\ ,,$62&,$/,1)/(&7,2132,17" ,,,$/(*$/,1)/(&7,2132,17 $ 5HYLVLWLQJDQG5HYLVLQJ-RG\$UPRXU¶V³5HDVRQDEOH5DFLVWV´ 9,7+(&29(1$17 &21&/86,21 ,1752'8&7,21 :HWHOORXUVHOYHVPDQ\VWRULHVDERXWUDFHDQGUDFLVP7KHUHDUHWKHVWRULHV RI H[SOLFLW UDFLVWV WKH WLNLWRUFK 1D]LV LQ &KDUORWWHVYLOOH WKH ... DQG WKH WZHHWVRI5RVHDQQH%DUU7KHVHZHILQGHDV\WRFRQGHPQ 3UHVLGHQW7UXPSRI FRXUVHEHLQJDQRWDEOHH[FHSWLRQ :KLOHDEKRUULQJVXFKFRQGXFWZHVLPXOWD QHRXVO\WDNHFRPIRUWLQRXUEHOLHIWKDWWKHVHKDWHIXOUDFLVWVDUHRXWOLHUVDQWHGL OXYLDQWKURZEDFNVWRWKHHUDRI-LP&URZDQRPDORXVH[FHSWLRQVWRVRFLHW\¶V EURDGFRQVHQVXVRQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIUDFLDOHTXDOLW\%XWKRZDUHZHWRPDNH VHQVHRIEURDGHUSDWWHUQVRISHUYDVLYHGLVSDUDWHWUHDWPHQWRISHRSOHRIFRORUDV HYLGHQFHGE\VWDWLVWLFVRISROLFHEUXWDOLW\DQGSHUVLVWHQWKRXVLQJDQGHPSOR\ PHQWGLVFULPLQDWLRQ"+HUHWKHVWRULHVZHWHOORXUVHOYHVDUHPRUHFRPSOH[DQG FRQWHVWHG,VLWVWUXFWXUDOUDFLVP"$IHZEDGHJJV"2ULVLWSHUYDVLYHLPSOLFLW -DPHV(.HOO\&KDLULQ7RUW/DZDW0LWFKHOO+DPOLQH6FKRRORI/DZ .