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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10235.html NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. The majority of the support for this project was provided by the Defense Advanced Re- search Projects Agency under contract No. N00174-99-C-0052 and the National Science Foun- dation under grant No. ANI-9908155. Additional support was provided by the Association for Computing Machinery’s Special Interest Group on Data Communication, Hewlett- Packard, Intel Corporation, Interval Research Corporation, WorldCom, Sun Microsystems, Texas Instruments, and Qwest. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08273-0 Additional copies of this report are available from: National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Box 285 Washington, DC 20418 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2002 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10235.html National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Institute of Medicine National Research Council The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating soci- ety of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedi- cated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its mem- bers, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advis- ing the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci- ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal gov- ernment. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering commu- nities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10235.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10235.html COMMITTEE ON BROADBAND LAST MILE TECHNOLOGY NIKIL JAYANT, Georgia Institute of Technology, Chair JAMES A. CHIDDIX, AOL Time Warner JOHN M. CIOFFI, Stanford University DAVID D. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology PAUL GREEN, Tellabs (retired) KEVIN KAHN, Intel Corporation RICHARD LOWENBERG, Davis Community Network CLIFFORD LYNCH, Coalition for Networked Information RICHARD METZGER, Lawler, Metzger & Milkman LLC ELIZABETH MYNATT, Georgia Institute of Technology ELI M. NOAM, Columbia University DIPANKAR RAYCHAUDHURI, Rutgers University BOB ROWE, Montana Public Service Commission STEVEN S. WILDMAN, Michigan State University Staff MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director JON EISENBERG, Senior Program Officer DAVID DRAKE, Project Assistant DAVID PADGHAM, Research Assistant v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10235.html COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD DAVID D. CLARK, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chair DAVID BORTH, Motorola Labs JAMES A. CHIDDIX, AOL Time Warner JOHN M. CIOFFI, Stanford University ELAINE COHEN, University of Utah W. BRUCE CROFT, University of Massachusetts at Amherst THOMAS E. DARCIE, AT&T Labs Research JOSEPH FARRELL, University of California at Berkeley JEFFREY M. JAFFE, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies ANNA KARLIN, University of Washington BUTLER W. LAMPSON, Microsoft Corporation EDWARD D. LAZOWSKA, University of Washington DAVID LIDDLE, U.S. Venture Partners TOM M. MITCHELL, WhizBang! Labs, Inc. DONALD NORMAN, Nielsen Norman Group DAVID A. PATTERSON, University of California at Berkeley HENRY (HANK) PERRITT, Chicago-Kent College of Law BURTON SMITH, Cray Inc. TERRY SMITH, University of California at Santa Barbara LEE SPROULL, New York University JEANNETTE M. WING, Carnegie Mellon University MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Scientist ALAN S. INOUYE, Senior Program Officer JON EISENBERG, Senior Program Officer LYNETTE I. MILLETT, Program Officer CYNTHIA PATTERSON, Program Officer STEVEN WOO, Program Officer JANET BRISCOE, Administrative Officer MARGARET HUYNH, Senior Project Assistant DAVID DRAKE, Senior Project Assistant JANICE SABUDA, Senior Project Assistant JENNIFER BISHOP, Senior Project Assistant DAVID PADGHAM, Research Assistant BRANDYE WILLIAMS, Staff Assistant vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Broadband: Bringing Home the Bits http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10235.html Preface Since its inception, the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) has examined how the nation’s networked infrastructure has been evolving. At the close of the past decade, the popular appeal of the Internet was evident and growing, and with it the range and richness of the uses to which the Internet might be put. The vision of a popular Internet leads inevitably to thoughts about how people use it in their homes—and then to the arresting observation that most people get the best possible access to the Internet from outside their homes, if they can get it at all. That observation led CSTB to frame an assessment