Figure S1. Characterization of the alpha diversity indices derived from the QIIME command α rarefraction of rats fed with a STD (blue boxplots) and CAF diet (red boxplots) in different metagenomic biofluids (CEC and FCS): (a) Shannon index, (b) Simpson index, (c) Chao1, (d) Observed OTUs, (e) Phylogenetic diversity. Different lowercase letters a and b indicate significant (p < 0.05) changes between diets. Table S1. Summary of metagenomics in the STD-D and the CAF-D groups in CEC and FCS focusing on taxonomic data. Taxonomic data presented as the mean ± S.E.M. (n=7) per group shorted by q-value of CEC. The summary of univariant analysis is shown including p-value, q-value and FC, the statistically significant p-values and q-values (< 0.05) are highlighted in bold. CEC FCS Phylum Class Order Family Genus STD-D (%)CAF-D (%) p-value q-value FC STD-D (%) CAF-D (%) p-valueq-value FC Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales - - 53.47 ± 5.66 9.31 ± 3.54 <0.01 <0.01 0.17 29.73 ± 4.17 5.59 ± 1.84 <0.01 0.02 0.19 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Ruminococcus 0.69 ± 0.19 1.96 ± 0.2 <0.01 0.01 2.83 0.55 ± 0.1 1.05 ± 0.18 0.03 0.13 1.93 Firmicutes Bacilli Turicibacterales Turicibacteraceae Turicibacter 0.14 ± 0.03 0.02 ± 0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.13 0.15 ± 0.06 0.26 ± 0.12 0.42 0.58 1.76 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Porphyromonadaceae Parabacteroides 0.22 ± 0.08 3.92 ± 0.81 <0.01 0.03 17.86 0.42 ± 0.1 3.44 ± 0.75 0.01 0.05 8.15 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Blautia 0.12 ± 0.02 2.63 ± 0.62 0.01 0.04 21.65 0.08 ± 0.02 2.59 ± 0.81 0.02 0.1 32.14 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales S24-7 - 9.61 ± 2.04 23.43 ± 4.04 0.01 0.07 2.44 33.08 ± 4.8 33.9 ± 3.51 0.89 0.93 1.02 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Peptostreptococcaceae - 0.58 ± 0.15 0.12 ± 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.2 0.53 ± 0.34 0.63 ± 0.2 0.82 0.92 1.17 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Bacteroidaceae Bacteroides 0.65 ± 0.14 5.98 ± 1.81 0.03 0.09 9.13 1.62 ± 0.33 1.96 ± 0.27 0.44 0.58 1.21 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Peptococcaceae rc4-4 0.39 ± 0.1 0.96 ± 0.2 0.03 0.11 2.48 0.25 ± 0.04 0.22 ± 0.06 0.65 0.79 0.86 Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae - 0.29 ± 0.18 3.06 ± 1.08 0.04 0.12 10.68 1.13 ± 0.86 2.72 ± 0.78 0.2 0.42 2.4 Verrucomicrobia Verrucomicrobiae Verrucomicrobiales Verrucomicrobiaceae Akkermansia 1.21 ± 0.36 12.01 ± 4.5 0.05 0.12 9.94 2.28 ± 0.75 11.11 ± 3.82 0.06 0.21 4.88 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichi Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae Eubacterium 0 0.11 ± 0.04 0.05 0.12 76.02 0 0.17 ± 0.09 0.1 0.27 39.76 Tenericutes Mollicutes RF39 - - 0.25 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.05 0.06 0.13 0.38 0.6 ± 0.18 0.43 ± 0.15 0.48 0.61 0.72 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Oscillospira 5.62 ± 0.84 3.55 ± 0.72 0.09 0.17 0.63 5.03 ± 0.63 1.93 ± 0.54 <0.01 0.02 0.38 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Dorea 0.1 ± 0.01 0.24 ± 0.07 0.11 0.2 2.42 0.13 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.09 0.16 0.38 2.15 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Clostridiaceae SMB53 0.2 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.04 0.12 0.2 0.43 0.22 ± 0.14 0.42 ± 0.19 0.43 0.58 1.88 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Clostridiaceae - 0.07 ± 0.01 0.03 ± 0.02 0.12 0.21 0.42 0.11 ± 0.04 0.11 ± 0.05 0.93 0.93 1.06 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Lactobacillaceae Lactobacillus 4.42 ± 1.23 9.81 ± 3.32 0.17 0.26 2.22 4.95 ± 2.17 16.25 ± 5.8 0.11 0.27 3.29 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae - 2.25 ± 0.46 1.41 ± 0.37 0.18 0.26 0.63 2.17 ± 0.26 0.83 ± 0.13 <0.01 0.03 0.38 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae - 4.79 ± 0.73 3.21 ± 0.94 0.21 0.29 0.67 5.2 ± 0.48 3.53 ± 1.42 0.3 0.56 0.68 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Dehalobacteriaceae Dehalobacterium 0.31 ± 0.05 0.19 ± 0.07 0.22 0.29 0.62 0.16 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.34 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Roseburia 0.24 ± 0.09 1.79 ± 1.25 0.26 0.33 7.56 0.21 ± 0.12 0.16 ± 0.1 0.76 0.89 0.77 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Coprococcus 3.04 ± 0.74 4.46 ± 1.04 0.29 0.35 1.47 2.08 ± 0.5 3.35 ± 1.27 0.38 0.58 1.61 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichi Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae Allobaculum 0 1.71 ± 1.65 0.34 0.4 3220.5 0 0.3 ± 0.23 0.24 0.48 1024.8 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae - 9.04 ± 2.13 7.17 ± 1.01 0.45 0.5 0.79 6.36 ± 1.38 6.04 ± 1.78 0.89 0.93 0.95 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Mogibacteriaceae - 0.12 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.03 0.49 0.53 1.22 0.22 ± 0.06 0.1 ± 0.03 0.1 0.27 0.46 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus 1.45 ± 0.3 1.22 ± 0.39 0.65 0.67 0.84 1.08 ± 0.18 0.79 ± 0.25 0.36 0.58 0.73 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Clostridiaceae Clostridium 0.14 ± 0.11 0.18 ± 0.09 0.81 0.81 1.25 0.44 ± 0.21 0.9 ± 0.42 0.36 0.58 2.04 Figure S2. Microbiota analysis after the AB treatment compared with a control group (STD-D group). (a) Phyla relative abundance, (b) Genus relative abundance, (c) Density plot of OTU vs genus: STD-D (black line) and after treatment (red line) with significant differences in area (p = 0.04), (d) Analysis of beta diversity represented by scores after the AB treatment with PCoA (unweighted unifrac). Table S2. Biometric parameters, plasma parameters and liver biochemistry of transplant model. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. (n=7). The statistical comparisons among groups were conducted using Student’s t test, the statistically significant p-values (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold. RWAT, retroperitoneal white adipose tissue; MWAT, mesenteric white adipose tissue; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; NEFAs, non-esterified fatty acids. Mean ± S.E.M. P-values CNT-R STD-R CAF-R CNT-R vs STD-RCNT-R vs CAF-RSTD-R vs CAF-R Initial body weight (g)334.55 ± 17.02341.55 ± 9.62341.13 ± 12.16 0.37 0.42 0.94 Final body weight (g) 415.24 ± 10.86407.10 ± 7.56420.47 ± 11.98 0.55 0.74 0.34 Food intake (g) 24.06 ± 0.80 23.26 ± 1.06 23.97 ± 1.01 0.56 0.95 0.64 RWAT weight (g) 6.73 ± 0.96 7.14 ± 0.90 9.70 ± 1.70 0.76 0.17 0.22 MWAT weight (g) 4.40 ± 0.46 4.04 ± 0.26 5.16 ± 0.52 0.5 0.29 0.09 Muscle weigth (g) 2.49 ± 0.08 2.51 ± 0.06 2.49 ± 0.08 0.86 0.97 0.89 Liver weight (g) 11.61 ± 0.50 11.57 ± 0.52 11.92 ± 0.59 0.96 0.69 0.66 Biometric parameters CEC weight (g) 8.43 ± 0.63 5.23 ± 0.26 5.33 ± 0.38 0.002 0.002 0.82 Glucose (mM) 74.20 ± 2.45 77.88 ± 5.81 74.46 ± 1.88 0.58 0.93 0.59 TG (mM) 77.06 ± 4.07 80.91 ± 14.01117.30 ± 17.12 0.8 0.07 0.13 TC (mM) 42.34 ± 2.62 44.81 ± 9 68.19 ± 11 0.8 0.07 0.13 Plasma NEFAs (mM) 0.35 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02 0.43 ± 0.03 0.69 0.04 0.11 Total lipids (mg/g) 40.98 ± 3.54 38.57 ± 2.20 28.99 ± 2.22 0.58 0.02 0.01 TC (mg/g) 1.83 ± 0.08 1.98 ± 0.11 1.83 ± 0.08 0.28 0.97 0.27 Liver Phospholipids (mg/g) 12.25 ± 0.67 12.85 ± 0.60 10.67 ± 0.67 0.52 0.12 0.03 TG (mg/g) 4.10 ± 0.27 4.22 ± 0.23 4.07 ± 0.34 0.75 0.94 0.72 Figure S3. Characterization of the alpha diversity indices derived from the QIIME command α rarefraction after the microbiota transplant in different metagenomic biofluids (CEC and FCS): (a) Shannon index, (b) Simpson index, (c) Chao1, (d) Observed OTUs, (e) Phylogenetic diversity. Different lowercase letters a and b indicate significant (p < 0.05) changes between diets.