Pakistan People’s Party Ascendancy to Power in Sindh, 1967-1972 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY By Syed Akmal Hussain Shah Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2016 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2016 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my individual research, and that it has not been submitted concurrently to any other university for any other degree. _____________________ Syed Akmal Hussain Shah DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD Approval for Thesis Submission Dated: 2016 I hereby recommend the thesis prepared under my supervision by Syed Akmal Hussain Shah, entitled “Pakistan People’s Party Ascendancy to Power in Sindh, 1967-1972” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. __________________________ Dr. Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah Supervisor Dedication For My Ammi Jee & Abba Jan Contents List of Contents List of Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements Introduction Chapters Chapter 1 Historical Background Chapter 2 Emergence of Pakistan People’s Party: Structure and Organization in Sindh Chapter 3 Pakistan People’s Party: An Ideological Debate Chapter 4 Elections of 1970: Manifesto, Campaign and Performance of Pakistan People’s Party Chapter 5 Pakistan People’s Party’s Rise to Power: Allegiance and Deviation from Ideology Conclusion Bibliography Appendix Contents (in detail) List of Contents List of Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements Introduction........................................................................................................................1 Chapters Chapter 1 Historical Background......................................................................................................................23 Indus Valley Civilization to the British Advent (1843) Sindh in Ancient Times Muslim Era Sindh under British Rule, 1843-1947 Ubaidullah Sindhi and the British Khilafat Movement and the Emergence of Party Politics in Sindh Political Struggle in Sindh and Elections 1937 Sindh and Proposals for the Partition The Impact of Socialist Thought in Sindh Emergence of Sectarian Politics Challenges to Provincial Ministry Beginning of New Political Era Haris and anti-Feudal Elements TheHur‘Rebellion’ Towards the Creation of Pakistan Elections 1946 and Aftermath Post-Election 1946 Scenario Cabinet Mission and Sindh Direct Action and its Political Effects Provincial Elections December 1946 Political Development in Sindh: 1947-67 Migration and Counter Migration Karachi as Federal Capital and Reaction Tenants in Early Years of Pakistan The Politicization of Industrial Labour Frequent Replacements of Ministries and Emergences of New Controversies Preparation for Local and General Elections The Role of Sindhi Students in Provincial Elections Provincial Elections, Results and Aftermaths Formation of Ministry and Challenges before it Opposition Leaders and Language Controversy Proposed One Unit Scheme and Subsequent Politics The formation of NAP and its Impacts upon the Provincial Politics of Sindh President Ayub Regime and Sindh Chapter 2 Emergence of Pakistan People’s Party: Structure and Organization in Sindh.......96 Bhutto’s Legacy Sir Shahnawaz Bhutto Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Rise to Power Formation of Pakistan People’s Party Critique on the Resolutions Passed in the Convention Attachment of Different Groups with the Party in Sindh Pirs, Zamindars and Urban Middle Class Sindhi Intellectuals and the Formation of Pakistan People’s Party Students, Haris and Labours Sindh PPP: Influential Political Families and Figures Anti-Ayub Campaign and PPP Chapter 3 Pakistan People’s Party: An Ideological Debate........................................................158 Socialism Propagation of Socialist Ideas in Sindh before the Formation of PPP Post-partition Sindh and Socialism Bhutto and Socialism Shift from Socialism to Islamic Socialism PPP’s Ideology and Response Fatwa against Socialism Chapter 4 Elections of 1970: Manifesto, Campaign and Performance of Pakistan People’s Party................................................................................................................................203 Hala Conference The Manifesto PPP’s Election Strategy and Ethno-Nationalism Sindh Awami Mahaz (SAM) Sindh Hari Committee (SHC) Muhajir, Punjabi, Pathan Mahaz (MPPM) PPP and Sindhi Nationalism Sanghar Incident Results of Elections1970 National Election Results: Sindh Interior Provincial Election Results Party Wise Results of 1970 Elections in Sindh The Result Analysis Reasons for PPP’s Victory Chapter 5 Pakistan People’s Party’s Rise to Power: Allegiance and Deviation from Ideology...........................................................................................................................267 Consolidation of Power: Initial Problems The Formation of Provincial Government Sindhi-Muhajir Conflict Land Reforms Nationalization of Financial Sector Taxation & Currency Devaluation Labour Reforms Educational and Health Reforms Reforms in Sindh: An Appraisal Resolution of Constitutional Issues Introduction of Interim Constitution Salient Features of the Interim Constitution Critique on the Interim Constitution Sindhi-Muhajir Tension PPP Government: Ethnic and Lingual Issues The Eruption of Ethnic Rights in Sindh Allocation of Quota system PPP’s Ascendancy to Power in Sindh Conclusion......................................................................................................................314 Bibliography...................................................................................................................329 Appendix.........................................................................................................................348 ABBREVATIONS AIML All India Muslim League AL Awami League AL Awami League’s AML Awami Muslim League APHF All Pakistan Hindu Federation APP Azad Pakistan Party BNM Bengali Nationalist Movement’s BP Bombay Presidency ConML Convention Muslim League CWC Central Working Committee DSF Democratic Students Federation HMS Hindu Mahasabha ILO International Labour Organization INC Indian National Congress JI Jama’at-i-Islami JSM Jeay Sindh Mahaz JUI Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam JUI-H Jammiat Ulema-e-Islam JUP Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan KMC Karachi Municipal Corporation LFO Legal Frame Work Order MAI Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam MIM Muttahida Islami Mahaz MKT Markazi Khaksar Tehrik MLR Martial Law Regulation MM Mutahidda Mahaz MSF All-India Muslim Students Federation NAP National Awami Party NDP Qaumi Jamhoori Party (National Democratic Party) NIP Nizam-i-Islam Party NWFP North West Frontier Province PDM Pakistan Democratic Movement PNP Pakistan National Party PoW Prisoners of War PPP Pakistan People’s Party PRODA Public Representative Officials Disqualification Act Ptv Pakistan Television RP Republican Party RTC Round Table Conference SAM Sindh Awami Mahaz SHC Sindh Hari Committee SHP Sindh Harijan Panchait SL Sindh League SLA Sindh Legislative Assembly SMM Sindh MutahidaMahaz SUF Sindh United Front SUP Sindh United Party UP United Province Glossary Adl-o-Ehsan Justice and fair play Ahmadies Religious creed (declared in Pakistan under Constitution 1973 as non-Muslim) Ajrak Traditional chader (piece of cloth) in Sindh Akhuwat brotherhood Ansar Helpers/ term used for Muslims of Madina how were hosts of Prophet (PBUH) and other Makkan Muslims Baba-i-Qaum Father of the Nation Baidari Awakening Biddat Islamic concept about phenomena which is not actually the part of Islamic code Dewan Prime Minister Dhamals Mystical dance Esaar Sacrifice Eid Milan Party Party at time of Eid Fatwa Religious decree Firman Official/Royal Order Gaddi Spiritual Seat Ghareeb awam Poor Public Gherao jalao Violent agitation Gupsup Chit chats Hadith Sayings of Prophet (PBUH) Haris Tenants Hassar Defending wall of a city or fort Haqq-i-shufa Right to purchase, because of neighbourhood or relationship Insaf Justice Hurs Disciples of Pir Pagaro belong to Qadri Sufi Order Jagir Granted land Jagirdarz Land lords Jalsa Political gathering Jamhuriat Democracy Janta Masses Jialaz Political followers of Bhutto Jihad Holy war in Islam Kafir Non-believer Kisan Tehrik Peasants Movement Kot Village Kufr Non-believers Mahabharatha Epic in Hindu Mythology Mazdoor Labour Mohalah Unit of locality Mohim Expedition/Campaign Muaziz Respectable Muhajreen Immigrants Mukka Fist Murids Disciples Musawat Equality Musawat-i-Muhammadi A term used by PPP for Islamized version of Socialism Pir Pagaro Saint with Turban, (title of renowned Pirof Sindh) Pirs Spiritual Mentor Pundit Theocrat of Hinduism Roti, Kapra aur Makan Bread, Clothing and shelter Ribah Interest Sadat The linage of Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) Shoora Council of Advisory Sindh, Sindhion ke liay Sindh is for the sons of soil Sufi Spiritual Teacher/Saint Sunnah Traditions related to Prophet (PBUH) Talaba Students Talwar Sword Tehrik Movement Tehsildar Administrative head of sub division Thanedar Administrator of police at sub division level Ulema Islamic Scholars Urdu Ka Janaza Hai This is funeral of Urdu, must be commenced with pom Zara Dhoom Se Nikly and show Wadera Feudal lord ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am highly indebted to Dr Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah, Professor and Chairman Department of History as well as Director National Institute of Historical & Cultural