Research Report September 2017 Moving Targets An Analysis of Global Forced Migration ABOUT SUPPORT This research report is a project of the Global Justice Program Thank you to the following funders for your generous support of the team at the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at the Haas Institute's research and work: University of California, Berkeley. • Akonadi Foundation The Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society brings together • Atlantic Philanthropies researchers, community stakeholders, and policymakers to iden- • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation tify and challenge the barriers to an inclusive, just, and sustain- able society in order to create transformative change. • East Bay Community Foundation • Evelyn & Walter Haas, Jr. Fund • Ford Foundation ABOUT THE AUTHORS • Greater Kansas City Community Foundation Elsadig Elsheikh is the director of the Global Justice Program at • Marguerite Casey Foundation the Haas Institute. Elsadig’s research is on the themes and social dynamics relating to Africa’s large-scale land deals, financializa- • Northwest Area Foundation tion, global food system, global health, human and indigenous • Open Society Foundations peoples rights, state and citizenship, and structural racialization. • Panta Rhea Foundation Hossein Ayazi is a graduate research assistant at the Haas • Public Welfare Foundation Institute where his work addresses US and global food systems, • Silicon Valley Community Foundation globalization and neoliberalism, forced migration, race, and • Tides Foundation formations of US colonialism. He is a PhD candidate in Society • The Annie E. Casey Foundation and Environment in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management at UC Berkeley. • The California Endowment • The Kresge Foundation • The San Francisco Foundation CONTRIBUTING WRITERS & RESEARCHERS • Surdna Foundation Hassan Ahmad, Nadia Barhoum, Sybil Lewis • W.K. Kellogg Foundation • Y & H Soda Foundation EDITORS Nadia Barhoum, Elsadig Elsheikh, Rachelle Galloway-Popotas, CONTACT Stephen Menendian 460 Stephens Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-2330 ART DIRECTION & LAYOUT Tel 510-642-3326 haasinstitute.berkeley.edu Rachelle Galloway-Popotas MAPS AND INFOGRAPHICS Samir Gambhir Conceptualization: Nadia Barhoum, Elsadig Elsheikh ART The illustrations in this report were created by Melanie Cervantes and Jesus Barraza of Dignidade Rebelde and are reprinted with a license purchased for this report. CITATION Elsadig Elsheikh and Hossein Ayazi. “Moving Targets: An Analysis of Global Forced Migration." Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society, University of California, Berkeley, CA. September 2017. http://haasinstitute.berkeley.edu/ movingtargets REPORT URL http://haasinstitute.berkeley.edu/movingtargets Table of Contents Glossary of Terms 6 FIGURES Drivers of Global Forced Migration .............................10 Introduction 8 Refugee Admissions by Region ............................15 The Rise of Populism and Part 1: 12 Nationalism in Europe ......16 Who Hosts Refugees? A History of Refugee Protections: Dispelling the Myths .........22 Race, Colonialism, and the The Fortressing Unevenness of Forced Migration of Europe ............................23 The World's Largest World War II and the Origins and Limits of Refugee Protections 13 Emitters ...............................29 The Cold War and the Political Utility of Refugee Protections 15 Expansion and Contraction of Refugee Protections SIDEBARS in the Twenty-first Century 18 Categories of Forced Migration .............................14 The EU-Turkey Deal: Part 2: 19 A Deceitful Agreement.....17 Dynamics and Colonial History One Refugee's Story ........24 of Forced Migration Securitization in the Era of Trump .......................26 Dynamic 1: Neoliberalization 20 G4S and the Privatization Dynamic 2: Securitization 21 of National Security ..........27 Dynamic 3: Global Climate Crisis 28 No Legal Recognition for Climate Refugees .......28 Climate Refugees and Part 3: 32 the Climate Crisis..............30 The Climate Crisis in Migration and Displacement by Region the Era of Trump ................31 Asia-Pacific 33 African History and Latin America and the Caribbean 37 Colonial Accumulation and Violence .......................48 Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia 40 Sub-Saharan Africa 46 COUNTRY PROFILES Myanmar ..............................34 Papua New Guinea ..........35 Policy Interventions: 52 Haiti ......................................38 Toward a Twenty-First Century Colombia .............................39 Refugee Rights Framework Palestine ..............................41 Afghanistan.........................42 Syria .....................................43 Endnotes 57 Yemen ..................................45 South Sudan ......................50 DR Congo...........................51 War, famine, extreme inequality, and environmental crises have fueled the mass displacement of an enormous number of people across the globe. The lack of a sufficient response to the tens of millions who have been forced to migrate highlights the need for a more holistic approach to understanding the history and dynamics of global migration, and, ultimately, calls for more inclusive, shared, and equitable policies that provide refuge and belonging to all displaced peoples. HAASINSTITUTE.BERKELEY.EDU Moving Targets: An Analysis of Global Forced Migration 4 people 65.3 every minute People are are forced displaced and to flee seeking refuge their home. worldwide. of the world 3.7 refugees are hosted in the People are Global South. considered stateless worldwide. HAASINSTITUTE.BERKELEY.EDU Moving Targets: An Analysis of Global Forced Migration 5 Glossary of Terms ASYLUM SEEKER international free trade agreements. Individual seeking international protection but whose claims for refugee status has not yet been FORCED MIGRATION determined. The movement of people from their lands or places of origin due to conflict, natural or environmental CLIMATE CRISIS disasters, famine, or development projects. Con- A term used to describe climate-induced abrupt flict-induced displacement occurs when people environmental disasters and slowly occurring are forced to flee their homes as a result of armed environmental changes, as well as the hardship conflict, generalized violence, and persecution on faced by certain communities because of such the grounds of nationality, race, religion, political changes. The climate crisis has disproportionately affiliation, or social group. Development-induced affected communities in the Global South. displacement occurs when people are compelled to move as a result of projects implemented to CLIMATE REFUGEE advance development efforts, such as the building Individual forcibly displaced people by natural of a large-scale infrastructure project. Disaster disasters, such as typhoons, hurricanes, and induced displacement occurs when people are tsunamis, as well as long-term environmental displaced due to natural disasters, environmental changes triggered by rising temperatures, rising change, and human-made disasters. sea levels, water shortages, deforestation, and desertification. GLOBAL NORTH, GLOBAL SOUTH These terms do not describe a geographical divide COLONIALISM but a social, political, and economic divide be- The deliberate extension of a nation’s power and tween formally colonial and colonized countries, influence over other peoples and lands, including while also accounting for ongoing indirect forms the use of territorial seizure, legal justifications for of rule, military measures and encampments, and occupation, regimes of racialization, labor ex- global economies. The use of the term emphasizes ploitation, and forced assimilation. Such dynamics the limitations of other terms such as first world become the conditions from which more indirect vs. third world, or developed vs. developing coun- forms of rule, military action, and economic con- tries. Global North comprises the countries of trol can be established. Australia, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, and North America (excluding Mexico). Global South de- ETHNOCIDE scribes the rest of the world and includes countries Refers to the erasure of culture, spatial segrega- of Africa, Asia (excluding Japan), Latin America, tions, and the reorganization of social space; and and other island countries in the Indian and Pacific the legal formations that undergird such processes. Ocean. FOOD REFUGEE GLOBAL REFUGEE REGIME While difficult to separate from climate refugees, The set of norms that define who is a refugee, the food refugees are those who have been forcibly rights to which that person is entitled, and the displaced due to growing food insecurity caused norms that define who is expected to support that by: foreign military intervention, armed conflict, person. Within this global refugee regime, refugees political and civil unrest, and/or environmental officially include individuals recognized under the challenges, as well as circumstances perpetuated 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees by land grabs, seed monopolies, natural resource and its 1967 Protocol, persons recognized under grabs, global warming, the increased commodifi- the 1969 Organization of African Unity (OAU) Con- cation of food, and structures and arrangements of vention Governing the Specific aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, those recognized in accordance with the UNHCR Statute, individuals granted com- plementary forms of protection, and individuals HAASINSTITUTE.BERKELEY.EDU Moving Targets: