Quasars and their Nature A Modern Analysis Thomas Madigan June 7, 2010 Page 1 Quasars and their Nature A Modern Analysis Table of Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 First Thoughts .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Mount Stromlo ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Redshift, Detection and the Origins of Distance Determination.................................................................................................. 5 Naming and Statistics............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Cepheid Variables.................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Red Shift .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 The Hubble Constant................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Bell Labs, Karl Jansky and Penzias and Wilson ...................................................................................................................... 7 Cambridge................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Jocelyn Bell, Anthony Hewish and the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group ......................................................................... 8 Hubble, Slipher and Initial Ideas.............................................................................................................................................. 9 Spectra...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Progress Towards a Modern Understanding .............................................................................................................................. 10 ALMA.................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Southern Hemisphere Observations....................................................................................................................................... 11 Electromagnetic Radiation and its Wave – Particle Duality .................................................................................................. 12 Quasar Redshifts and the Expansion of the Universe ............................................................................................................ 13 Quasar Luminosities............................................................................................................................................................... 15 Properties and Characteristics.................................................................................................................................................... 15 True Nature ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Designations and Descriptions............................................................................................................................................... 16 Physical Dynamics................................................................................................................................................................. 17 Synchrotron Radiation ........................................................................................................................................................... 18 Radio Lobes ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Summary of the Various Waveband Contributions................................................................................................................ 18 Summary of the Various Class Types .................................................................................................................................... 20 Concluding Remarks.............................................................................................................................................................. 21 Appendix.................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 A. The various Cambridge Catalogues................................................................................................................................. 23 B. Solution to the Relativistic Doppler Effect...................................................................................................................... 26 C. Fwd: From Graeme White ............................................................................................................................................... 28 D. Excerpt from Original Paper published by Hewish, Bell, et al, 1968 .............................................................................. 29 References.................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 1. Carroll & Ostlie; An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, 2nd edition; 2007................................................................ 30 2. Unsold & Baschek; The New Cosmos, 5th edition, 2005................................................................................................. 30 3. Freedman & Kaufmann, Universe, Stars and Galaxies, 3rd edition, 2008........................................................................ 30 4. J. Craig Wheeler, Cosmic Catastrophes, 2nd edition, 2007 .............................................................................................. 30 5. Ryle, M.; Smith, F. G.; Elsmore, B, A preliminary survey of the radio stars in the Northern Hemisphere, MNRAS, Vol. 110, p.508, 1950..................................................................................................................................................................... 30 6. 3C RR Online Reference page: http://3crr.extragalactic.info, databased and compendium of sources: http://3crr.extragalactic.info/cgi/database .............................................................................................................................. 30 7. P. Veron, Ph.D, Paris Observatory; The Revised 3C (3CR) catalogue of Radio Sources, ESO Messenger #7, December 1976........................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 8. Long, R. J., Haseler, J. B., & Elsmore, B.; A Survey of Radio Sources At 408 Mc-s-1; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 125, p.313 .................................................................................................................................. 30 9. M.S. Longair and Lilly, S.J.; Identifications and spectra of extragalactic radio sources, Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, Volume 5, Number 4; December, 1984.............................................................................................................. 30 10. McGilchrist, M. M.; Baldwin, J. E.; Riley, J. M.; Titterington, D. J.; Waldram, E. M.; Warner, P. J.; The 7c Survey of Radio Sources at 151-MHz - Two Regions Centred at Ra: 10H28M Dec: 41DEG and Ra: 06H28M Dec: 45DEG; R.A.S. MONTHLY NOTICES V.246, NO. 1/SEP1, P. 110, 1990 ................................................................................................... 30 11. Thorne, Kip S.; Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy; 1994 ....................................................... 30 12. Smith, Robert C.; Observational Astrophysics; 1995 ...................................................................................................... 30 13. http://isdc.unige.ch/3c273................................................................................................................................................ 30 T. Madigan Page 2 Quasars and their Nature A Modern Analysis 14. Harrison, E., ApJ, 403:28-31, 1993 January 20; The Redshift-Distance and Velocity-Distance Laws; (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...403...28H) ...........................................................................................................