Durham E-Theses The Impact of Glassblowing on the Early-Roman Glass Industry (circa 50 B.C. A.D. 79) PRIOR, JONATHAN,DAVID How to cite: PRIOR, JONATHAN,DAVID (2015) The Impact of Glassblowing on the Early-Roman Glass Industry (circa 50 B.C. A.D. 79), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11186/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE IMPACT OF GLASSBLOWING ON THE EARLY- ROMAN GLASS INDUSTRY (CIRCA 50 B.C. – A.D. 79) BY JONATHAN DAVID PRIOR SUBMITTED FOR THE QUALIFICATION OF PH.D. IN ARCHAEOLOGY DURHAM UNIVERSITY 2015 ii Table of Contents Text LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................. v Chapter 1 : Introduction and Literature Review ........................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Early History of Glass ......................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1.1 Origins of Glass ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1.2 Glass From the Bronze Age Through the HellenistiC Period. ..................................... 9 1.2.1.3 Glass in the Roman World ....................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Methods of Glass Production ......................................................................................... 20 1.2.2.1 Making Glass ................................................................................................................................. 20 1.2.2.2 Glass Working ............................................................................................................................... 21 1.2.2.3 Glassblowing ................................................................................................................................. 26 1.2.2.4 Glass Workers ............................................................................................................................... 36 1.2.2.5 Workshops ..................................................................................................................................... 40 1.2.3 Treatment of Glass in Archaeological Literature ................................................... 47 1.2.4 Problems With the Current Study of Glass ................................................................ 56 1.3 Tel Anafa: Glass from a Pre-glassblowing Roman Context. .................................... 58 Chapter 2 : Methodology .................................................................................................. 67 2.1 Creating a Methodology ...................................................................................................... 67 2.2 Site Selection .......................................................................................................................... 68 2.3 Identifying different vessels .............................................................................................. 74 2.4 Quantification ........................................................................................................................ 77 2.4.1 QuantifiCation methods ................................................................................................................ 78 2.4.2 Fragment Count ............................................................................................................................... 80 2.4.3 Fragment Weight and Adjusted Weight ................................................................................ 81 2.4.4 Estimated Vessel Equivalency (EVE) ..................................................................................... 84 2.4.5 Cool and Baxter: Adjusted EVE. ................................................................................................ 86 2.4.6 Estimated Number Methods. ..................................................................................................... 89 2.5 Collection of Data For The Sites in this Thesis ............................................................ 96 2.6 Making Use of the Data ..................................................................................................... 100 Chapter 3 : Usk: Pre-Flavian Fortress Glass on the Western Frontier. .......... 103 3.1 Intro: The Site ...................................................................................................................... 103 3.1.1 Period of OCCupation .................................................................................................................. 105 3.1.2 SignifiCance of Usk to this Thesis .......................................................................................... 107 3.1.3 Criteria Examined ........................................................................................................................ 111 3.1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 112 3.2 Types of Glass Production ............................................................................................... 113 3.2.1 Cast Glass ......................................................................................................................................... 114 3.2.2 Blown Glass ..................................................................................................................................... 123 3.3 Patterns ................................................................................................................................. 151 3.4 Distribution .......................................................................................................................... 153 3.5 Relationship to Pottery .................................................................................................... 155 3.6 Conclusion: Contextualising the Data ......................................................................... 158 Chapter 4 : Nijmegen: A Comparative Study of the First Century Kops Plateau Fort and Oppidum Batavorum. ..................................................................................... 162 4.1 Introduction: The Site ...................................................................................................... 162 4.1.1 Period of OCCupation .................................................................................................................. 163 iii 4.1.2 SignifiCance of Nijmegen to This Study .............................................................................. 164 4.1.3 Criteria Examined ........................................................................................................................ 167 4.2 Types of Glass Production ............................................................................................... 168 4.2.1 Cast Glass (Appendix 1.A) ........................................................................................................ 168 4.2.2 Blown Glass .................................................................................................................................... 174 4.3 Patterns ................................................................................................................................. 189 4.4 Distribution .......................................................................................................................... 193 4.5 Conclusion: Contextualising the Data. ........................................................................ 198 Chapter 5 : Xanten Vetera I: First Century Frontier Fortress in the Rhineland. ................................................................................................................................................ 201 5.1 Intro: The Site ...................................................................................................................... 201 5.1.1 Period of OCCupation .................................................................................................................. 204 5.1.2 SignifiCance of Vetera I to this Thesis ................................................................................. 205 5.1.3 Criteria Examined ........................................................................................................................ 207 5.1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................