Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 6-29-2011 The neffecI tiveness of a Multinational Sanctions Regime Under Globalization: The aC se of Iraq Manuel De Leon Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation De Leon, Manuel, "The neffeI ctiveness of a Multinational Sanctions Regime Under Globalization: The asC e of Iraq" (2011). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 463. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/463 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF MULTILATERAL SANCTIONS REGIMES UNDER GLOBALIZATION: THE CASE OF IRAQ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Manuel De Leon 2011 To: Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Manuel De Leon, and entitled The Ineffectiveness of Multilateral Sanctions Regimes Under Globalization: The Case of Iraq, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi _______________________________________ Dario Moreno _______________________________________ Astrid Arraras _______________________________________ Ronald W. Cox, Major Professor Date of Defense: June 29, 2011 The dissertation of Manuel De Leon is approved. _______________________________________ Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences _______________________________________ Dean Lakshmi N. Reddi University Graduate School Florida International University, 2011 ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my grandmother because ella quería que yo fuera alguien en la vida; and to Joaquín Arguelles because he taught me how to read and lent me his books. iii ACKNOWLEGMENTS I wish to thank first Doctor Ronald Cox for his support, guidance, patience and, above all, giving me the academic freedom to approach this dissertation according to my own method, thinking, and viewpoints. I wish to acknowledge Doctor Astrid Arraras for her support and understanding. I also want to thank Doctor Dario Moreno and Doctor Mohiaddim Mesbahi for their time and commitment to this project, the most important in my life. I thank all my professors in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, in particular those with whom I took courses. They all, in one way or the other, contributed to my academic endeavors, and of course to this dissertation. I thank Florida International University for providing me with all the tools and materials necessary to complete my dissertation. I want to thank the good people at the library, the cafeteria, and even the Wellness Center for their prompt and efficient work. iv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF MULTILATERAL SANCTIONS REGIMES UNDER GLOBALIZATION: THE CASE OF IRAQ by Manuel De Leon Florida International University, 2011 Miami, Florida Professor Ronald Cox, Chair This dissertation examines the effectiveness and limits of multilateral sanctions regimes as instruments of foreign policy, particularly when trying to prevent the acquisition, development and proliferation of weapons of mass destructions. I hypothesize that globalization undermines the overall effectiveness of sanctions regimes. I analyze the agents and means of globalization. Agents are nation-states, corporations, non-state actors and organizations, and individuals. Means are the global import-export industry, global banking and investment, global corporate models, and global manufacturing industries. They all have contributed to vast increases in transnational economic activity and, furthermore, to more political tensions between nation-states, all of which jeopardize the implementation and enforcement of multilateral sanctions regimes. To test this thesis, I examine how those factors impacted the multilateral sanctions regime imposed against Iraq from 1991 to 2002. This multilateral sanctions regime was conceived, approved and enforced by most nations in the United Nations. v Indeed, evidence collected for this dissertation suggests that Iraq did manage to consistently circumvent the UN sanctions regime, and that it did it by astutely utilizing the agents and means of globalization. Evidence also indicates that Iraq managed to rebuild parts of its military infrastructure, and that Iraq was on its way to rebuild its missile capability, for which it purchased large quantities of parts, components, technologies and manpower in the global market. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 The Case Study ....................................................................................................... 3 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................... 7 Liberal Institutionalism, Realism, and Historical Structuralism ............................. 7 Regimes and Multilateralism ................................................................................ 13 Defining Sanctions Regime .................................................................................. 16 Globalization and the Circumvention of Sanctions Regimes ............................... 17 Testing the Hypothesis .......................................................................................... 19 The Research Methodology .................................................................................. 23 II. AGENTS AND MEANS OF GLOBALIZATION: NATIONS, NATIONAL SECURITY, GLOBAL DEMAND OF RAW MATERIALS AND SANCTIONS REGIMES ..................................................................................... 27 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 27 Sectorization and Securitization ........................................................................... 29 Sectorization of the Oil Industry and Securitization of Access to Oil Wells ........ 34 France, Russia and China ...................................................................................... 46 The Iraqi Response ............................................................................................... 49 How Iraq Circumvented the Sanctions ................................................................. 55 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 78 III. AGENTS AND MEANS OF GLOBALIZATION: NATION-STATES, GLOBAL TRADE AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MULTILATERAL SANCTIONS REGIMES ..................................................................................... 80 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 80 Global Trade ......................................................................................................... 81 The Lessons of Interdependency Theory .............................................................. 84 The Lessons of Trade Theory ............................................................................... 87 The Politics of Bilateral Trade .............................................................................. 97 Global Trade with Iraq during the Sanctions Regime ........................................ 100 Case Studies ........................................................................................................ 107 Syria .................................................................................................................... 109 Lebanon............................................................................................................... 114 Jordan .................................................................................................................. 116 Egypt ................................................................................................................... 123 Turkey ................................................................................................................. 126 Cyprus ................................................................................................................. 138 Iran ...................................................................................................................... 140 Trade Fairs .......................................................................................................... 145 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 150 vii IV. AGENTS AND MEANS OF GLOBALIZATION: GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY AND NON-STATE ACTORS .......................................................... 153 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 153 NSAs and Global Politics ................................................................................... 153 Types of NSAs ...................................................................................................