Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid/CPR/AED Complement your training with the resources you’ll need that will keep you knowledgeable, confident, and ready to respond. From our mobile apps to the Red Cross store with best-in-class products, ensure you have the tools to quickly assist during emergency situations. Help is in your hand with mobile apps Red Cross apps provide you with the information to help you be prepared—whether it’s everyday safety tools, tips and preparedness information or what actions to take during a natural disaster or first aid emergency. • The Emergency App covers 35 severe weather and emergency alerts. • The First Aid App gives you instant help for the most common first aid emergencies. Go to redcross.org/emergencyapps to learn more. Get equipped at the Red Cross Store You’ll find the products you need to be prepared for any emergency: • First aid kits and refills • CPR keychains and lifeguard rescue tubes • First Aid and other reference guides • Emergency preparedness kits and products You’ll also find apparel and even gift ideas for the family, friends and neighbors who want to be ready and prepared. Plus, a portion of proceeds from the sale of all store products helps to fund the lifesaving mission of the American Red Cross. Shop at redcrossstore.org/classproducts. Access your digital certificate anytime, anywhere The American Red Cross makes certification fast, simple and easy. With Red Cross Digital Certificates you get anytime, anywhere access to your certificates; plus print, share, and download wherever and whenever you like. Each certificate includes a unique ID and a QR code which meets employment requirements and allows employers to easily confirm your certificate is valid. Learn more about how to access your digital certificate at redcross.org/myclasscert. Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid/CPR/AED This textbook is part of the American Red Cross Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid/CPR/AED program. Visit redcross.org to learn more about this program. The emergency care procedures outlined in this textbook reflect the standard of knowledge and accepted emergency practices in the United States at the time this textbook was published. It is the reader’s responsibility to stay informed of changes in emergency care procedures. The materials in this program, including all content, graphics, images, logos and downloadable electronic materials (as applicable), are copyrighted by, and the exclusive property of, The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross”). Unless otherwise indicated in writing by the Red Cross, the Red Cross grants you (the “Recipient”) the limited right to receive and use the materials only in conjunction with teaching, preparing to teach, or participating in a Red Cross course by individuals or entities expressly authorized by the Red Cross, subject to the following restrictions: ■ The Recipient is prohibited from creating new versions of the materials, electronic or otherwise. ■ The Recipient is prohibited from revising, altering, adapting or modifying the materials, which includes removing, altering or covering any copyright notices, Red Cross marks, logos or other proprietary notices placed or embedded in the materials. ■ The Recipient is prohibited from creating any derivative works incorporating, in part or in whole, the content of the materials. ■ The Recipient is prohibited from downloading the materials, or any part of the materials, and putting them on the Recipient’s own website or other third-party website without advance written permission of the Red Cross. ■ The Recipient is prohibited from removing these Terms and Conditions in otherwise-permitted copies, and is likewise prohibited from making any additional representations or warranties relating to the materials. Any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by the Red Cross. The Red Cross does not permit its materials to be reproduced or published without advance written permission from the Red Cross. To request permission to reproduce or publish Red Cross materials, please submit an initial written request to The American National Red Cross by going to the Contact Us page on redcross.org and filling out the General Inquiry Form. Our Public Inquiry unit will reply with our copyright permission request form. Copyright © 2012, 2017 by The American National Red Cross. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Red Cross emblem, American Red Cross® and the American Red Cross logo are trademarks of The American National Red Cross and are protected by various national statutes. Published by The StayWell Company, LLC Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-58480-684-4 Acknowledgments The Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid/CPR/AED textbook was developed through the dedication of both employees and volunteers. Their commitment to excellence made this textbook possible. The emergency care steps outlined in this textbook are consistent with the 2015 International Consensus on CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Science With Treatment Recommendations and the 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines Update for First Aid. American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council Guidance for the Responding to Emergencies: Comprehensive First Aid/CPR/AED program was provided by members of the American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. The Council is a panel of nationally recognized experts drawn from a wide variety of scientific, medical and academic disciplines. The Council provides authoritative guidance on first aid, CPR, emergency treatments, rescue practices, emergency preparedness, aquatics, disaster health, nursing, education and training. For more information on the Scientific Advisory Council, visit redcross.org/science. Dedication This textbook is dedicated to the thousands of employees and volunteers of the American Red Cross who contribute their time and talent to supporting and teaching lifesaving skills worldwide, and to the thousands of course participants who have decided to be prepared to take action when an emergency strikes. Table of Contents About This Course . x PART ONE PART FIVE Introduction / 1 Medical Emergencies / 254 CHAPTER 1 If Not You … Who? . 2 CHAPTER 15 Sudden Illnesses . 255 CHAPTER 2 Responding to CHAPTER 16 Poisoning . 276 an Emergency . 15 CHAPTER 17 Bites and Stings . 297 CHAPTER 3 Before Giving Care . 25 CHAPTER 18 Substance Abuse and Misuse . 317 PART TWO CHAPTER 19 Heat-Related Illnesses Assessment / 40 and Cold-Related Emergencies . 335 CHAPTER 4 The Human Body . 41 CHAPTER 5 Checking the Person . 62 PART SIX Special Situations / 352 PART THREE CHAPTER 20 Water-Related Life-Threatening Emergencies / 78 Emergencies . 353 CHAPTER 6 Cardiac Emergencies . 79 CHAPTER 21 Pediatric, Older Adult and Special Situations . 364 CHAPTER 7 Breathing Emergencies . 111 CHAPTER 22 Emergency Childbirth . 384 CHAPTER 8 Bleeding . 139 CHAPTER 23 Disaster, Remote CHAPTER 9 Shock . 152 and Wilderness Emergencies . 398 PART FOUR APPENDIX Answers to Ready Injuries / 158 to Respond? Questions and Answers to Study CHAPTER 10 Soft Tissue Injuries . 159 Questions . 421 CHAPTER 11 Musculoskeletal Injuries . 185 Glossary �. 441 CHAPTER 12 Injuries to the Sources . 452 Extremities . 200 Photography Credits ................455 CHAPTER 13 Injuries to the Head, Neck or Spine . 226 Index �. 456 CHAPTER 14 Injuries to the Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis . 242 Responding to Emergencies | iv | Table of Contents Detailed Table of Contents About This Course . x PART ONE PART TWO Introduction / 1 Assessment / 40 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 4 If Not You … Who?, 2 The Human Body, 41 Objectives ...............................3 Objectives ..............................42 Key Terms ...............................3 Key Terms ..............................42 Introduction ..............................4 Introduction .............................43 Types of Emergencies .....................4 Anatomical Terms . 43 Your Role in an Emergency .................4 Body Systems...........................46 Preparing for an Emergency ................6 Interrelationships of Body Systems..........59 Incident Stress ..........................12 Summary ...............................59 Summary ...............................13 Ready to Respond? ......................59 Ready to Respond? ......................13 Study Questions .........................60 Study Questions .........................14 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 2 Checking the Person, 62 Responding to an Emergency, 15 Objectives ..............................63 Objectives ..............................16 Key Terms ..............................63 Key Term ...............................16 Introduction .............................63 Introduction .............................16 Checking for Life-Threatening Taking Action: The Emergency Action Steps ..16 Conditions..........................63 Summary ...............................23 Checking a Responsive Person ............66 Ready to Respond? ......................23 Interviewing the Person ...................69 Study Questions .........................24 Checking the Person from Head to Toe ......69 Checking for Shock ......................71 Summary ...............................71 CHAPTER 3 Ready to Respond? ......................71 Before Giving Care, 25 Study Questions .........................72 Objectives ..............................26 Skill Sheets Key Terms ..............................26 5-1: Checking a Responsive Person ........74 Introduction .............................27